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中华医学超声杂志(电子版) ›› 2025, Vol. 22 ›› Issue (06) : 487 -503. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1672-6448.2025.06.001

专家共识

急性阑尾炎超声检查及报告规范专家共识(2025版)
中华超声医学培训工程胃肠超声专家委员会   
  1. 1. 313009 湖州市南浔区人民医院超声科
    2. 150001 哈尔滨医科大学附属第一医院超声科
  • 收稿日期:2025-05-18 出版日期:2025-06-01

Expert consensus on ultrasound examination and reporting standards for acute appendicitis (2025 edition)

Gastrointestinal Ultrasound Expert Committee of the Chinese Ultrasound Medical Education Project   

  • Received:2025-05-18 Published:2025-06-01
引用本文:

中华超声医学培训工程胃肠超声专家委员会. 急性阑尾炎超声检查及报告规范专家共识(2025版)[J/OL]. 中华医学超声杂志(电子版), 2025, 22(06): 487-503.

Gastrointestinal Ultrasound Expert Committee of the Chinese Ultrasound Medical Education Project. Expert consensus on ultrasound examination and reporting standards for acute appendicitis (2025 edition)[J/OL]. Chinese Journal of Medical Ultrasound (Electronic Edition), 2025, 22(06): 487-503.

表1 推荐意见形成一览表
序号 推荐意见 专家投票*
1 不明原因腹痛患者可常规行阑尾超声检查,超声在急性阑尾炎全程管理中具有较强应用价值 61/0/0(100)
2 阑尾超声检查常规采用平卧位,多体位扫查有利于提高阑尾显示率 61/0/0(100)
3 阑尾超声检查应常规联合使用高频线阵探头和凸阵探头,着重应用高频线阵探头观察阑尾细节 61/0/0(100)
4 阑尾超声检查常规应采用盲肠追踪法结合逐级加压法;压痛点扫查法操作简便,适用于快速定位可疑病灶;对于腹壁脂肪较厚或超声检查无法明确排除阑尾炎者,可选择CT或MRI进行替代 61/0/0(100)
5 发自盲肠末端的盲管状结构是确认阑尾的最关键标志 59/1/1(97)
6 标准化留存阑尾超声图像可作为循证依据 61/0/0(100)
7 取阑尾最大前后径>6.0 mm为阑尾增粗标准(新生儿除外),其可作为诊断急性阑尾炎的主要指征之一,需综合多因素分析 59/1/1(97)
8 阑尾管壁厚度≥3.0 mm可作为诊断急性阑尾炎的主要指征之一,阑尾管壁结构层次回声异常可作为坏疽或穿孔的特异性指征 60/1/0(98)
9 阑尾管腔扩张且不可压缩和(或)伴有腔内积脓、粪石梗阻可作为诊断急性阑尾炎的主要指征之一 61/0/0(100)
10 阑尾壁血流信号与阑尾炎症密切相关,但超声显示差异较大,建议作为急性阑尾炎诊断的参考指征 58/1/2(95)
11 阑尾系膜脂肪炎性高回声可作为诊断急性阑尾炎的主要指征之一,但需排除邻近组织器官炎性病变所致 59/1/1(97)
12 阑尾超声压痛征阳性可作为诊断急性阑尾炎的主要指征之一,需与其他原因引起的阑尾区域腹膜刺激征相鉴别 60/1/0(98)
13 间接征象具有一定辅助诊断价值,但特异性不强,列为次要指征 61/0/0(100)
14 多指标综合分析可初步判定急性阑尾炎临床病理类型,阑尾管壁和系膜回声变化可敏感反映阑尾炎症严重程度,需警惕合并阑尾肿瘤的可能 59/0/2(97)
15 阑尾超声显像是诊断急性阑尾炎的前提,急性阑尾炎声像图特征识别是提高阑尾炎诊断符合率的关键,建议开展阑尾超声检查规范化培训 60/0/1(98)
16 急性阑尾炎宜常规行阑尾超声检查评估病变严重程度,其可辅助临床选择合适的治疗方案 60/0/1(98)
17 急性阑尾炎术后超声评估有利于发现相关并发症并及早处理 61/0/0(100)
18 经静脉声学造影在急性阑尾炎鉴别诊断和复杂脓肿引流中具有一定的应用价值;低盆位阑尾可联合应用腔内超声检查;超声弹性成像技术在急性阑尾炎诊断中的应用价值存在争议,尚需进一步研究证实 58/0/3(95)
19 结构化报告通过标准化术语,可提高急性阑尾炎描述的客观性,值得应用推广;超声分类诊断有助于加强急性阑尾炎风险分层管理,其诊断效能仍需进一步研究完善 60/0/1(98)
图1 回盲瓣超声声像图。图a为回盲瓣(箭头)纵切面;图b为回盲瓣(箭头)冠状切面注:CE为盲肠;IL为回肠
图2 回盲瓣及阑尾起始部超声声像图。图a为盲肠内侧纵切面显示回盲瓣口(粗箭头)和阑尾开口(细箭头);图b为阑尾根部长轴切面显示阑尾发自盲肠,箭头所示为阑尾开口注:CE为盲肠;AP为阑尾
图3 正常阑尾超声声像图。图示阑尾长轴切面显示阑尾管壁层次结构注:AP为阑尾;1为管腔/黏膜界面;2为黏膜层;3为黏膜下层;4为固有肌层;5为浆膜及周围界面
图4 阑尾长轴切面前后径测量超声图像注:a为根部测量;b为体部测量;c为尖端测量
图5 阑尾增粗超声声像图。图a为阑尾长轴切面显示阑尾腔粪液充盈增粗;图b为阑尾长轴切面显示阑尾炎性增粗注:CE为盲肠;AP为阑尾;IL为回肠
图6 阑尾肿瘤超声声像图。图a为阑尾低级别黏液肿瘤,阑尾区包膜完整,低回声肿物内呈洋葱片状回声;图b为阑尾淋巴瘤,阑尾区形态不规则,低回声肿物内见丰富血流信号注:CE为盲肠
图7 急性阑尾炎不同管壁厚度超声声像图。图a为阑尾管壁增厚型阑尾炎(箭头所示为增厚管壁);图b为阑尾管壁不增厚型阑尾炎(箭头所示为正常管壁)注:CE为盲肠;AP为阑尾
图8 慢性阑尾炎、阑尾淋巴增生及阑尾淋巴瘤超声声像图。图a为阑尾长轴切面显示慢性阑尾炎阑尾管壁增厚,黏膜下层高回声增厚明显(箭头所示);图b为阑尾长轴切面显示阑尾黏膜淋巴滤泡增生,表现黏膜层低回声增厚(箭头所示);图c为阑尾斜切面显示阑尾淋巴瘤管壁明显增厚,正常五层结构消失,代之以均匀低回声注:CE为盲肠;AP为阑尾
图9 急性坏疽性阑尾炎及阑尾穿孔超声声像图。图a为阑尾长轴切面显示管壁黏膜下层高回声部分缺失(箭头所示);图b为阑尾长轴切面显示阑尾层次结构消失,轮廓模糊;图c为阑尾长轴切面显示穿孔管壁连续性中断(箭头所示);图d为阑尾短轴切面显示管壁内气体强回声(粗箭头),阑尾周围炎性脂肪组织(细箭头)注:AP为阑尾;BO为小肠
图10 急性阑尾炎腔内异常和正常阑尾腔内粪液充盈超声声像图。图a,b为阑尾长轴切面显示急性粪石梗阻性化脓性阑尾炎,阑尾根部管径正常(箭头),体部可见粪石梗阻,其远端管腔积液扩张;图c为阑尾长轴切面显示急性化脓性阑尾炎管腔扩张积脓(箭头)伴粪石(星号);图d为阑尾长轴切面显示正常阑尾腔内粪液充盈伴粪石(箭头)注:CE为盲肠;AP为阑尾;ST为粪石
图11 急性阑尾炎管壁彩色多普勒血流成像图。图a为阑尾长轴切面显示急性化脓性阑尾炎阑尾管壁血流信号丰富;图b为阑尾长轴切面显示急性坏疽性阑尾炎阑尾系膜动脉分支及管壁未坏死区血流信号注:AP为阑尾
图12 阑尾系膜炎性反应超声声像图。图a,b分别为阑尾长轴与短轴切面显示阑尾系膜区脂肪组织水肿,回声增强,形成围绕阑尾的厚度不均的高回声晕(箭头所示)注:AP为阑尾
图13 回盲部肠管炎性水肿超声图像。回盲瓣长轴切面显示末段回肠管壁水肿增厚(箭头所示为回盲瓣)注:CE为盲肠;IL为回肠
图14 急性阑尾炎大网膜炎症趋化超声图像。图示增厚的大网膜向右下腹趋化,包裹覆盖阑尾炎症区域(箭头所示区域为增厚的大网膜)注:AP为阑尾
图15 急性单纯性阑尾炎超声声像图。图a为阑尾长轴切面显示阑尾轻度增粗,以尖部明显,测值7.9 mm;图b为阑尾短轴切面显示管壁增厚不明显,管腔内见少量液性回声注:AP为阑尾;CE为盲肠
图16 急性化脓性阑尾炎超声声像图。图a为阑尾长轴切面显示阑尾显著增粗,管壁增厚,管腔内可见积脓回声;图b,c分别为阑尾长轴及短轴切面显示阑尾增厚管壁内见丰富血流信号注:AP为阑尾
图17 急性坏疽性及穿孔性阑尾炎超声声像图。图a,b分别为阑尾长轴及短轴切面显示阑尾明显增粗,腔内积脓,管壁增厚,层次不清,周围可见炎性脂肪组织水肿高回声晕(箭头所示);图c为阑尾长轴切面显示阑尾管壁血流信号减少,周围血流信号明显增多;图d为阑尾长轴切面显示急性坏疽性阑尾炎合并尾部穿孔(箭头所示),阑尾周围可见积液注:AP为阑尾;EFF为积液
图18 阑尾周围脓肿及阑尾癌超声声像图。图a,b分别为阑尾长轴及短轴切面显示急性坏疽性阑尾炎合并周围脓肿,周围大网膜包裹(箭头所示);图c为急性穿孔性阑尾炎并周围脓肿,周围大网膜包裹(白色箭头),内可见气体强回声(黑色箭头),后方显示不清;图d为右侧腹纵切面可见以低回声为主的不规则形状肿块,周围可见少量积液注:CE为盲肠;AP为阑尾;ABS为脓肿;EFF为积液;M为肿块;RL为肝右叶
图19 特殊部位急性阑尾炎超声声像图。图a为中下腹部纵切面显示中肠旋转不良合并急性阑尾炎,盲肠异位于盆位膀胱上方,增粗的阑尾发自盲肠并上行;图b为右下腹横切面显示腹膜后位急性阑尾炎,增粗的阑尾伸入髂腰肌后间隙(箭头所示);图c为右下腹纵切面显示盲肠壁内急性阑尾炎,阑尾异位于盲肠后壁内(测量标示),阑尾腔内可见粪石(星号),盲肠壁与周围炎性脂肪组织间回声模糊(箭头所示);图d为阑尾短轴切面显示肝下位急性阑尾炎,箭头所示为增粗的阑尾,周围见炎性脂肪高回声注:AP为阑尾;CE为盲肠;BL为膀胱;PM为髂腰肌;RL为肝右叶
图20 盲肠憩室炎及继发性阑尾炎超声声像图。图a为右下腹横切面显示盲肠憩室炎,表现为突出于盲肠外侧壁的低回声卵圆形结构(箭头所示),周围炎性脂肪包绕;图b为盲肠粪石性憩室炎合并继发性阑尾炎,左图为增粗的阑尾长轴图,右图为突出于盲肠壁外憩室结构,内见强回声粪石,后方见增粗的阑尾短轴注:AP为阑尾;ST为粪石;CE为盲肠
图21 易误诊为急性阑尾炎的阑尾黏液瘤超声声像图。图a为阑尾短轴切面显示阑尾管腔积液扩张,周围可见液性暗区;图b为阑尾长轴切面显示阑尾管壁丰富的血流信号;图c为右下腹斜切面显示阑尾区不规则形囊性团块,内可见絮状低回声注:AP为阑尾
图22 阑尾炎术后并发症超声声像图。图a为阑尾残株炎声像图,显示肿胀的阑尾残端(箭头)合并腔内粪石(星号);图b为阑尾术后残端周围脓肿声像图,残端处可见夹子强回声(箭头),局部见液体积聚;图c为阑尾残端瘘声像图,可见阑尾残端区与腹壁间条索状瘘道低回声(箭头)注:ABS为脓肿;CE为盲肠
表2 急性阑尾炎超声影像报告分类诊断系统
表3 急性阑尾炎超声结构化报告模板
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