切换至 "中华医学电子期刊资源库"
高级检索
中华医学超声杂志（电子版）

中华医学超声杂志（电子版） ›› 2026, Vol. 23 ›› Issue (03) : 187 -195. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1672-6448.2026.03.002

所属专题： 指南共识；

专家共识

胎儿生物学参数超声参考值专家共识——四腔心切面相关测值
中华预防医学会出生缺陷预防与控制专业委员会产前超声诊断学组, 中华医学会超声医学分会妇产超声学组   
  1. 1. 518028　深圳市妇幼保健院超声科
    2. 710032　空军军医大学第一附属医院超声医学科
    3. 100029　北京，首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院胎儿心脏母胎医学中心
    4. 610041　成都，四川大学华西第二医院全国妇幼卫生监测办公室/中国出生缺陷监测中心 出生缺陷与相关妇儿疾病教育部重点实验室
  • 收稿日期:2026-03-04 出版日期:2026-03-01
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划(2024YFC2707000，2024YFC2707003)

Expert consensus on ultrasound reference ranges for fetal biometry: measurements of the four-chamber cardiac view

Group of Prenatal Ultrasound Diagnostics, Birth Defect Prevention and Control, Chinese Preventive Medicine Association, Group of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ultrasound Branch of Chinese Medical Association   

  • Received:2026-03-04 Published:2026-03-01
全文 ( ) 下载PDF ( ) 导出引用
引用本文：

中华预防医学会出生缺陷预防与控制专业委员会产前超声诊断学组, 中华医学会超声医学分会妇产超声学组. 胎儿生物学参数超声参考值专家共识——四腔心切面相关测值[J/OL]. 中华医学超声杂志（电子版）, 2026, 23(03): 187-195.

Group of Prenatal Ultrasound Diagnostics, Birth Defect Prevention and Control, Chinese Preventive Medicine Association, Group of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ultrasound Branch of Chinese Medical Association. Expert consensus on ultrasound reference ranges for fetal biometry: measurements of the four-chamber cardiac view[J/OL]. Chinese Journal of Medical Ultrasound (Electronic Edition), 2026, 23(03): 187-195.

表1 胎儿心脏四腔心切面测值标准化测量方法以及示意图
测值指标 测量方法 示意图
心轴 胸骨中点至胸椎椎体中点之间的连线与房室间隔连线之间的夹角。
心脏横径 在舒张末期，于房室瓣下方从最左侧心外膜到最右侧心外膜的最大横向距离，且垂直于心脏长轴进行测量。
左/右心室横径（基底段） 在舒张末期，于房室瓣水平测量左（右）心室（LV/RV）横径。
左/右心室横径（中间段） 在舒张末期，于心室长轴中点（乳头肌水平），垂直于心脏长轴方向，分别测量左室心内膜面（室间隔左缘至左室侧壁内膜）的最大横向距离以及右室心内膜面（室间隔右缘至右室游离壁内膜）的最大横向距离。
左/右心房横径 在收缩末期，测量从左（右）心房侧壁到房间隔心内膜面垂直于心房长径的最大直线距离。
心脏长径 在舒张末期，测量从心尖的心肌外缘至心底部心肌外缘的最大距离。
左/右心室长径 在舒张末期，测量从二尖瓣环连线中点（左心室）/ 三尖瓣环中点（右心室）至心尖部心内膜的直线距离。
左/右心房长径 在收缩末期，测量从二尖瓣环连线中点（左心室）/ 三尖瓣环连线中点（右心室）到心房顶部内膜的直线距离。
心脏面积 在舒张末期，采用椭圆法或描迹法包络心房心室外膜，由仪器自动计算面积。
心室面积 在舒张末期，使用超声描记功能沿左（右）心室心内膜及瓣环连线描记轮廓，获取闭合区域面积。
心房面积 在收缩末期，使用超声描记功能沿左（右）心房心内膜及瓣环连线描记轮廓，获取闭合区域面积。
左心室壁厚度 在舒张末期，垂直于左室侧壁走行方向，测量左室侧壁心内膜面至心外膜面的垂直距离​​。
右心室壁厚度 在舒张末期，垂直于右室侧壁走行方向，测量右室侧壁心内膜面至心外膜面的垂直距离。
室间隔厚度 在舒张末期，选取横向四腔心切面室间隔中段，垂直于室间隔长轴方向，测量室间隔右室面心内膜至左室面心内膜的距离（基于M型超声）。
胸廓周长和面积 在舒张末期，沿肋骨外缘勾勒一周测量周长和面积。
胸廓横径 在舒张末期，定位两侧肋骨外缘的最远点，测量两点间的直线距离。
胎儿心胸比：面积比、周长比、横径比 在舒张末期，计算心脏面积、周长、横径分别与胸廓的面积（骨性胸廓面积）、周长、横径的比值。
表2 单胎胎儿心脏横径的超声正常参考值（mm）
孕龄（周） 心脏横径 左心室基底部横径 右心室基底部横径 左心室中部横径 右心室中部横径 左心房横径 右心房横径
2.5th 50th 97.5th 2.5th 50th 97.5th 2.5th 50th 97.5th 2.5th 50th 97.5th 2.5th 50th 97.5th 2.5th 50th 97.5th 2.5th 50th 97.5th
18 9.92 12.83 15.74 3.62 5.32 7.02 3.88 5.42 6.97 2.37 4.32 6.26 2.16 4.19 6.22 3.71 5.35 6.99 3.45 5.27 7.09
19 11.57 14.68 17.79 3.97 5.79 7.61 4.21 5.91 7.61 2.99 5.06 7.13 2.82 4.96 7.11 4.19 5.95 7.71 4.16 6.08 8.01
20 13.16 16.47 19.79 4.34 6.28 8.23 4.55 6.41 8.27 3.58 5.77 7.97 3.45 5.71 7.97 4.66 6.54 8.42 4.84 6.87 8.90
21 14.69 18.22 21.74 4.72 6.79 8.86 4.92 6.94 8.95 4.14 6.46 8.78 4.06 6.43 8.80 5.12 7.12 9.12 5.49 7.63 9.77
22 16.18 19.90 23.63 5.12 7.31 9.50 5.30 7.48 9.65 4.68 7.12 9.56 4.64 7.12 9.61 5.57 7.69 9.80 6.12 8.36 10.61
23 17.61 21.54 25.47 5.52 7.84 10.16 5.70 8.03 10.37 5.19 7.75 10.32 5.19 7.79 10.38 6.01 8.24 10.48 6.72 9.07 11.43
24 18.98 23.12 27.25 5.94 8.38 10.82 6.11 8.60 11.09 5.67 8.36 11.05 5.71 8.42 11.13 6.43 8.79 11.14 7.30 9.76 12.22
25 20.30 24.64 28.98 6.36 8.92 11.49 6.53 9.18 11.83 6.12 8.93 11.75 6.21 9.03 11.86 6.85 9.32 11.80 7.84 10.41 12.98
26 21.57 26.11 30.66 6.78 9.47 12.16 6.95 9.76 12.57 6.54 9.48 12.42 6.68 9.62 12.55 7.25 9.85 12.44 8.37 11.04 13.72
27 22.78 27.53 32.28 7.20 10.01 12.82 7.38 10.35 13.32 6.94 10.00 13.06 7.12 10.17 13.22 7.64 10.36 13.07 8.87 11.65 14.43
28 23.94 28.89 33.85 7.61 10.55 13.49 7.81 10.94 14.07 7.31 10.49 13.68 7.54 10.70 13.86 8.03 10.86 13.69 9.34 12.23 15.11
29 25.05 30.20 35.36 8.02 11.08 14.14 8.24 11.53 14.81 7.65 10.96 14.27 7.93 11.20 14.47 8.40 11.35 14.30 9.78 12.78 15.77
30 26.10 31.46 36.83 8.41 11.60 14.78 8.67 12.11 15.55 7.96 11.39 14.83 8.29 11.67 15.06 8.75 11.82 14.89 10.20 13.31 16.41
31 27.09 32.66 38.23 8.79 12.10 15.40 9.08 12.68 16.28 8.24 11.80 15.36 8.62 12.12 15.62 9.10 12.29 15.48 10.60 13.81 17.01
32 28.04 33.81 39.59 9.15 12.58 16.01 9.48 13.24 17.00 8.50 12.18 15.87 8.93 12.54 16.15 9.44 12.74 16.05 10.96 14.28 17.60
33 28.93 34.91 40.88 9.48 13.03 16.59 9.86 13.78 17.70 8.73 12.53 16.34 9.21 12.93 16.65 9.76 13.19 16.62 11.31 14.73 18.15
34 29.76 35.95 42.13 9.78 13.46 17.14 10.23 14.30 18.38 8.93 12.86 16.79 9.46 13.29 17.13 10.08 13.62 17.17 11.62 15.15 18.68
35 30.54 36.93 43.32 10.05 13.85 17.66 10.57 14.80 19.04 9.10 13.16 17.21 9.68 13.63 17.58 10.38 14.04 17.71 11.91 15.55 19.18
36 31.27 37.86 44.46 10.28 14.21 18.14 10.88 15.27 19.67 9.25 13.42 17.60 9.88 13.94 18.00 10.67 14.45 18.24 12.17 15.92 19.66
37 31.95 38.74 45.54 10.48 14.53 18.57 11.16 15.71 20.26 9.36 13.66 17.97 10.05 14.22 18.40 10.95 14.85 18.76 12.41 16.26 20.11
38 32.57 39.57 46.57 10.62 14.79 18.97 11.40 16.11 20.83 9.45 13.88 18.30 10.19 14.48 18.76 11.22 15.24 19.26 12.62 16.58 20.54
39 33.13 40.34 47.55 10.71 15.01 19.31 11.61 16.48 21.35 9.51 14.06 18.61 10.31 14.70 19.10 11.47 15.62 19.76 12.81 16.87 20.93
40 33.64 41.06 48.47 10.75 15.17 19.59 11.77 16.79 21.82 9.54 14.22 18.89 10.39 14.90 19.42 11.72 15.98 20.24 12.96 17.14 21.31
41 34.10 41.72 49.34 10.73 15.27 19.82 11.88 17.06 22.25 9.55 14.35 19.15 10.45 15.08 19.70 11.96 16.34 20.72 13.10 17.38 21.65
表3 单胎胎儿心脏长径的超声正常参考值（mm）
孕龄（周） 心脏长径 左心室长径 右心室长径 左心房长径 右心房长径
2.5th 50th 97.5th 2.5th 50th 97.5th 2.5th 50th 97.5th 2.5th 50th 97.5th 2.5th 50th 97.5th
18 13.86 17.31 20.77 6.27 9.67 13.07 4.69 8.30 11.92 3.33 5.07 6.82 3.37 4.98 6.58
19 15.30 18.99 22.67 7.34 10.92 14.51 5.57 9.40 13.23 3.86 5.75 7.65 3.91 5.66 7.42
20 16.77 20.69 24.60 8.34 12.11 15.88 6.42 10.47 14.51 4.38 6.42 8.46 4.43 6.33 8.23
21 18.25 22.40 26.55 9.28 13.24 17.19 7.24 11.50 15.75 4.88 7.06 9.25 4.93 6.98 9.03
22 19.75 24.12 28.50 10.18 14.32 18.46 8.02 12.49 16.96 5.36 7.69 10.02 5.42 7.61 9.81
23 21.24 25.84 30.45 11.02 15.35 19.67 8.78 13.46 18.14 5.82 8.30 10.78 5.88 8.22 10.57
24 22.73 27.56 32.40 11.82 16.33 20.84 9.49 14.39 19.28 6.27 8.90 11.52 6.33 8.81 11.30
25 24.20 29.27 34.33 12.59 17.28 21.97 10.18 15.28 20.39 6.70 9.47 12.25 6.75 9.39 12.02
26 25.66 30.95 36.24 13.31 18.19 23.06 10.83 16.14 21.46 7.12 10.04 12.95 7.16 9.94 12.72
27 27.08 32.61 38.13 14.00 19.06 24.12 11.44 16.97 22.50 7.51 10.58 13.64 7.54 10.47 13.40
28 28.48 34.23 39.98 14.66 19.90 25.15 12.02 17.77 23.51 7.89 11.10 14.32 7.91 10.99 14.07
29 29.83 35.81 41.79 15.28 20.72 26.15 12.57 18.53 24.48 8.25 11.61 14.97 8.26 11.48 14.71
30 31.13 37.35 43.56 15.89 21.50 27.12 13.09 19.25 25.42 8.60 12.10 15.61 8.59 11.96 15.33
31 32.38 38.83 45.27 16.46 22.26 28.06 13.57 19.95 26.33 8.93 12.58 16.23 8.90 12.42 15.94
32 33.57 40.24 46.91 17.01 23.00 28.98 14.02 20.61 27.20 9.24 13.04 16.84 9.19 12.85 16.52
33 34.69 41.59 48.49 17.54 23.71 29.88 14.43 21.23 28.04 9.53 13.48 17.42 9.46 13.27 17.09
34 35.73 42.86 49.99 18.05 24.40 30.76 14.81 21.83 28.84 9.81 13.90 17.99 9.71 13.67 17.63
35 36.69 44.05 51.41 18.53 25.07 31.61 15.16 22.39 29.62 10.06 14.30 18.54 9.94 14.05 18.16
36 37.56 45.15 52.74 19.00 25.73 32.45 15.47 22.91 30.35 10.31 14.69 19.08 10.16 14.41 18.67
37 38.33 46.15 53.97 19.45 26.36 33.27 15.75 23.40 31.06 10.53 15.06 19.60 10.35 14.75 19.16
38 39.00 47.05 55.10 19.88 26.98 34.07 16.00 23.86 31.73 10.74 15.42 20.10 10.53 15.08 19.63
39 39.56 47.83 56.11 20.30 27.58 34.86 16.21 24.29 32.37 10.93 15.76 20.58 10.68 15.38 20.08
40 39.99 48.50 57.01 20.70 28.17 35.63 16.39 24.68 32.97 11.10 16.08 21.05 10.82 15.66 20.51
41 40.31 49.04 57.78 21.09 28.74 36.39 16.53 25.04 33.54 11.26 16.38 21.50 10.94 15.93 20.92
表4 单胎胎儿心脏面积的超声正常参考值（cm2）
孕龄（周） 心脏面积 左心室面积 右心室面积 左心房面积 右心房面积
2.5th 50th 97.5th 2.5th 50th 97.5th 2.5th 50th 97.5th 2.5th 50th 97.5th 2.5th 50th 97.5th
18 1.43 1.89 2.49 0.28 0.47 0.76 0.26 0.43 0.71 0.06 0.18 0.30 0.06 0.17 0.28
19 1.73 2.28 3.01 0.34 0.55 0.91 0.31 0.52 0.85 0.12 0.28 0.45 0.12 0.28 0.44
20 2.06 2.72 3.59 0.40 0.66 1.08 0.37 0.61 1.01 0.17 0.39 0.60 0.18 0.39 0.60
21 2.44 3.21 4.23 0.47 0.77 1.26 0.44 0.72 1.19 0.23 0.49 0.75 0.24 0.50 0.76
22 2.84 3.75 4.94 0.55 0.90 1.47 0.52 0.85 1.40 0.29 0.60 0.90 0.30 0.61 0.92
23 3.29 4.33 5.71 0.63 1.04 1.70 0.60 0.98 1.62 0.35 0.70 1.05 0.35 0.71 1.08
24 3.76 4.96 6.54 0.72 1.19 1.94 0.69 1.13 1.86 0.41 0.80 1.20 0.41 0.82 1.23
25 4.27 5.63 7.42 0.82 1.35 2.21 0.79 1.29 2.13 0.47 0.91 1.34 0.47 0.93 1.39
26 4.80 6.33 8.35 0.93 1.52 2.49 0.89 1.46 2.41 0.53 1.01 1.49 0.53 1.04 1.55
27 5.36 7.07 9.32 1.04 1.70 2.79 1.00 1.64 2.70 0.58 1.11 1.64 0.59 1.15 1.71
28 5.94 7.83 10.32 1.15 1.89 3.09 1.11 1.83 3.01 0.64 1.22 1.79 0.65 1.26 1.87
29 6.52 8.60 11.34 1.27 2.08 3.40 1.23 2.02 3.32 0.70 1.32 1.94 0.70 1.37 2.03
30 7.12 9.38 12.37 1.38 2.27 3.72 1.34 2.21 3.64 0.76 1.42 2.09 0.76 1.47 2.18
31 7.71 10.16 13.4 1.50 2.46 4.03 1.46 2.40 3.95 0.82 1.53 2.24 0.82 1.58 2.34
32 8.29 10.94 14.42 1.61 2.64 4.33 1.57 2.59 4.26 0.88 1.63 2.38 0.88 1.69 2.50
33 8.86 11.68 15.40 1.72 2.82 4.62 1.68 2.77 4.55 0.94 1.73 2.53 0.94 1.80 2.66
34 9.41 12.40 16.35 1.82 2.98 4.88 1.78 2.93 4.82 0.99 1.84 2.68 1.00 1.91 2.82
35 9.92 13.08 17.24 1.91 3.13 5.12 1.87 3.08 5.07 1.05 1.94 2.83 1.06 2.02 2.98
36 10.39 13.70 18.06 1.99 3.26 5.33 1.95 3.21 5.29 1.11 2.04 2.98 1.11 2.12 3.13
37 10.82 14.27 18.81 2.05 3.36 5.51 2.02 3.32 5.46 1.17 2.15 3.13 1.17 2.23 3.29
38 11.19 14.76 19.45 2.10 3.44 5.64 2.07 3.41 5.60 1.23 2.25 3.28 1.23 2.34 3.45
39 11.51 15.17 20.00 2.14 3.50 5.74 2.11 3.46 5.70 1.29 2.36 3.42 1.29 2.45 3.61
40 11.76 15.50 20.43 2.15 3.53 5.79 2.12 3.49 5.75 1.34 2.46 3.57 1.35 2.56 3.77
41 11.93 15.73 20.74 2.16 3.53 5.79 2.13 3.50 5.75 1.40 2.56 3.72 1.41 2.67 3.93
表5 单胎胎儿心肌壁厚度的超声正常参考值（mm）
孕龄（周） 左心室壁厚度 右心室壁厚度 室间隔厚度
2.5th 50th 97.5th 2.5th 50th 97.5th 2.5th 50th 97.5th
18 1.05 1.52 2.21 0.98 1.51 2.05 1.03 1.64 2.25
19 1.11 1.62 2.35 1.05 1.62 2.19 1.12 1.76 2.39
20 1.18 1.71 2.49 1.12 1.73 2.33 1.21 1.88 2.54
21 1.25 1.81 2.63 1.20 1.84 2.48 1.30 1.99 2.69
22 1.32 1.92 2.78 1.27 1.95 2.62 1.39 2.11 2.83
23 1.39 2.02 2.93 1.35 2.06 2.77 1.48 2.23 2.98
24 1.46 2.12 3.08 1.42 2.16 2.91 1.57 2.34 3.12
25 1.54 2.23 3.24 1.49 2.27 3.05 1.65 2.46 3.27
26 1.61 2.34 3.39 1.57 2.38 3.20 1.74 2.58 3.41
27 1.69 2.45 3.55 1.64 2.49 3.34 1.83 2.70 3.56
28 1.76 2.56 3.71 1.71 2.60 3.49 1.92 2.81 3.70
29 1.84 2.67 3.87 1.79 2.71 3.63 2.01 2.93 3.85
30 1.91 2.77 4.03 1.86 2.82 3.77 2.10 3.05 4.00
31 1.99 2.88 4.18 1.93 2.93 3.92 2.19 3.16 4.14
32 2.06 2.99 4.34 2.01 3.03 4.06 2.28 3.28 4.29
33 2.13 3.09 4.49 2.08 3.14 4.21 2.36 3.40 4.43
34 2.20 3.2 4.64 2.15 3.25 4.35 2.45 3.52 4.58
35 2.27 3.30 4.79 2.23 3.36 4.49 2.54 3.63 4.72
36 2.34 3.39 4.93 2.30 3.47 4.64 2.63 3.75 4.87
37 2.40 3.49 5.06 2.38 3.58 4.78 2.72 3.87 5.01
38 2.47 3.58 5.19 2.45 3.69 4.93 2.81 3.98 5.16
39 2.52 3.66 5.32 2.52 3.80 5.07 2.90 4.10 5.31
40 2.58 3.74 5.43 2.60 3.90 5.21 2.99 4.22 5.45
41 2.63 3.82 5.54 2.67 4.01 5.36 3.07 4.34 5.60
表6 单胎胎儿心胸面积比和右/左心室基底横径比值的超声正常参考值
孕龄（周） 心胸面积比 右/左心室基底横径比值 右/左心室中段横径比值
2.5th 50th 97.5th 2.5th 50th 97.5th 2.5th 50th 97.5th
18 0.18 0.20 0.23 0.79 1.00 1.26 0.73 0.98 1.32
19 0.19 0.21 0.23 0.79 1.00 1.26 0.73 0.99 1.33
20 0.20 0.22 0.24 0.79 1.00 1.27 0.74 0.99 1.33
21 0.20 0.22 0.25 0.79 1.00 1.27 0.74 0.99 1.34
22 0.21 0.23 0.26 0.80 1.01 1.27 0.74 1.00 1.34
23 0.21 0.24 0.26 0.80 1.01 1.27 0.74 1.00 1.34
24 0.21 0.24 0.27 0.80 1.01 1.28 0.75 1.00 1.35
25 0.22 0.25 0.27 0.80 1.01 1.28 0.75 1.01 1.35
26 0.22 0.25 0.28 0.80 1.01 1.28 0.75 1.01 1.36
27 0.22 0.26 0.29 0.80 1.02 1.28 0.75 1.01 1.36
28 0.23 0.26 0.29 0.81 1.02 1.29 0.75 1.01 1.36
29 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.81 1.02 1.29 0.76 1.02 1.37
30 0.23 0.27 0.30 0.81 1.02 1.29 0.76 1.02 1.37
31 0.23 0.27 0.30 0.81 1.02 1.29 0.76 1.02 1.38
32 0.23 0.27 0.31 0.81 1.03 1.30 0.76 1.03 1.38
33 0.24 0.27 0.31 0.81 1.03 1.30 0.76 1.03 1.38
34 0.24 0.27 0.31 0.82 1.03 1.30 0.77 1.03 1.39
35 0.24 0.28 0.32 0.82 1.03 1.30 0.77 1.03 1.39
36 0.24 0.28 0.32 0.82 1.03 1.31 0.77 1.04 1.40
37 0.24 0.28 0.32 0.82 1.04 1.31 0.77 1.04 1.40
38 0.24 0.28 0.32 0.82 1.04 1.31 0.78 1.04 1.40
39 0.23 0.28 0.32 0.82 1.04 1.31 0.78 1.05 1.41
40 0.23 0.28 0.32 0.83 1.04 1.32 0.78 1.05 1.41
41 0.23 0.28 0.33 0.83 1.04 1.32 0.78 1.05 1.42
表7 单胎胎儿心室或心房与心脏面积之比的超声正常参考值
2.5th 50th 97.5th
左心室与心脏面积比 0.15 0.24 0.37
右心室与心脏面积比 0.14 0.22 0.36
左心房与心脏面积比 0.09 0.15 0.24
右心房与心脏面积比 0.09 0.15 0.23
1
中华医学会超声医学分会妇产超声学组, 国家卫生健康委妇幼司全国产前诊断专家组医学影像组. 超声产前筛查指南[J]. 中华超声影像学杂志, 2022, 31(1): 1-12.
2
全国胎儿心脏超声检查协作组. 胎儿心脏超声检查规范化专家共识[J]. 中华超声影像学杂志, 2011, 20(10): 904-909.
3
中华医学会超声医学分会超声心动图学组. 中国胎儿超声心动图检查规范[J]. 中华超声影像学杂志, 2015, 24(11): 921-926.
4
Huggon IC, Ghi T, Cook AC, et al. Fetal cardiac abnormalities identified prior to 14 weeks' gestation[J]. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2002, 20(1): 22-29.
5
Carvalho JS, Axt-Fliedner R, Chaoui R, et al. ISUOG Practice Guidelines (updated): fetal cardiac screening[J]. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2023, 61(6): 788-803.
6
Moon-Grady AJ, Donofrio MT, Gelehrter S, et al. Guidelines and Recommendations for Performance of the Fetal Echocardiogram: An Update from the American Society of Echocardiography[J]. J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2023, 36(7): 679-723.
7
Lopez L, Colan SD, Frommelt PC, et al. Recommendations for quantification methods during the performance of a pediatric echocardiogram: a report from the Pediatric Measurements Writing Group of the American Society of Echocardiography Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease Council[J]. J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2010, 23(5): 465-495; quiz 576-577.
8
Abuhamad A, Chaoui R. A Practical Guide to Fetal Echocardiography: Normal and Abnormal Hearts[M]. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2022.
9
Salomon LJ, Winer N, Bernard JP, et al. A score-based method for quality control of fetal images at routine second-trimester ultrasound examination[J]. Prenat diagn, 2008, 28(9): 822-827.
10
Gu X, He Y, Zhang Y, et al. Fetal echocardiography: reference values for the Chinese population[J]. J Perinat Med, 2017, 45(2): 171-179.
11
Gembruch U, Shi C, Smrcek JM. Biometry of the fetal heart between 10 and 17 weeks of gestation[J]. Fetal Diagn Ther, 2000, 15(1): 20-31.
12
García-Otero L, Gómez O, Rodriguez-López M, et al. Nomograms of Fetal Cardiac Dimensions at 18-41 Weeks of Gestation[J]. Fetal Diagn Ther, 2020, 47(5): 387-398.
13
Thammavong K, Luewan S, Tongsong T. Reference Intervals of Fetal Cardiac Volume Between 14 and 40 Weeks of Gestation[J]. J Ultrasound Med, 2022, 41(4): 887-897.
14
Traisrisilp K, Tongprasert F, Srisupundit K, et al. Reference ranges for the fetal cardiac circumference derived by cardio-spatiotemporal image correlation from 14 to 40 weeks' gestation[J]. J Ultrasound Med, 2011, 30(9): 1191-1196.
15
Li X, Zhou Q, Huang H, et al. Z-score reference ranges for normal fetal heart sizes throughout pregnancy derived from fetal echocardiography[J]. Prenat Diagn, 2015, 35(2): 117-124.
16
Gabbay-Benziv R, Turan OM, Harman C, et al. Nomograms for Fetal Cardiac Ventricular Width and Right-to-Left Ventricular Ratio[J]. J Ultrasound Med, 2015, 34(11): 2049-2055.
17
St John Sutton MG, Gewitz MH, Shah B, et al. Quantitative assessment of growth and function of the cardiac chambers in the normal human fetus: a prospective longitudinal echocardiographic study[J]. Circulation, 1984, 69(4): 645-654.
18
Shapiro I, Degani S, Leibovitz Z, et al. Fetal cardiac measurements derived by transvaginal and transabdominal cross-sectional echocardiography from 14 weeks of gestation to term[J]. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 1998, 12(6): 404-418.
19
Schneider C, McCrindle BW, Carvalho JS, et al. Development of Z-scores for fetal cardiac dimensions from echocardiography[J]. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2005, 26(6): 599-605.
20
Firpo C, Hoffman JI, Silverman NH. Evaluation of fetal heart dimensions from 12 weeks to term[J]. Am J Cardiol, 2001, 87(5): 594-600.
21
Tan J, Silverman NH, Hoffman JI, et al. Cardiac dimensions determined by cross-sectional echocardiography in the normal human fetus from 18 weeks to term[J]. Am J Cardiol, 1992, 70(18): 1459-1467.
22
Sharland GK, Allan LD. Normal fetal cardiac measurements derived by cross-sectional echocardiography[J]. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 1992, 2(3): 175-181.
23
Lee W, Riggs T, Amula V, et al. Fetal echocardiography: z-score reference ranges for a large patient population[J]. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2010, 35(1): 28-34.
24
Chanthasenanont A, Somprasit C, Pongrojpaw D. Nomograms of the fetal heart between 16 and 39 weeks of gestation[J]. J Med Assoc Thai, 2008, 91(12): 1774-1778.
25
Patchakapat L, Uerpairojkit B, Wacharaprechanont T, et al. Interventricular septal thickness of Thai fetuses: at 32 to 35 weeks' gestation[J]. J Med Assoc Thai, 2006, 89(6): 748-754.
26
Bronshtein M, Siegler E, Eshcoli Z, et al. Transvaginal ultrasound measurements of the fetal heart at 11 to 17 weeks of gestation[J]. Am J Perinatol, 1992, 9(1): 38-42.
27
Luewan S, Yanase Y, Tongprasert F, et al. Fetal cardiac dimensions at 14-40 weeks' gestation obtained using cardio-STIC-M[J]. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2011, 37(4): 416-422.
28
Smrcek JM, Berg C, Geipel A, et al. Early fetal echocardiography: heart biometry and visualization of cardiac structures between 10 and 15 weeks' gestation[J]. J Ultrasound Med, 2006, 25(2): 173-182; quiz 183-185.
29
Hata T, Senoh D, Hata K, et al. Intrauterine sonographic assessments of embryonic heart diameter[J]. Hum Reprod, 1997, 12(10): 2286-2291.
30
Guariglia L, Rosati P, Bartolozzi F. Cardiac circumference measurement: possible screening tool in early pregnancy for anomalous cardiac development[J]. Fetal Diagn Ther, 2006, 21(1): 134-139.
31
Steed RD, Strickland DM, Swanson MS, et al. Normal fetal cardiac dimensions obtained by perpendicular imaging[J]. Am J Cardiol, 1998, 81(8): 1059-1062.
32
Vigneswaran TV, Akolekar R, Syngelaki A, et al. Reference Ranges for the Size of the Fetal Cardiac Outflow Tracts From 13 to 36 Weeks Gestation: A Single-Center Study of Over 7000 Cases[J]. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging, 2018, 11(7): e007575.
33
Krishnan A, Pike JI, McCarter R, et al. Predictive Models for Normal Fetal Cardiac Structures[J]. J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2016, 29(12): 1197-1206.
34
Lussier EC, Yeh SJ, Chih WL, et al. Reference ranges and Z-scores for fetal cardiac measurements from two-dimensional echocardiography in Asian population[J]. PLoS One, 2020, 15(6): e0233179.
35
Rocha LA, Rolo LC, Nardozza L, et al. Z-Score Reference Ranges for Fetal Heart Functional Measurements in a Large Brazilian Pregnant Women Sample[J]. Pediatr Cardiol, 2019, 40(3): 554-562.
36
García-Otero L, Soveral I, Sepúlveda-Martínez Á, et al. Reference ranges for fetal cardiac, ventricular and atrial relative size, sphericity, ventricular dominance, wall asymmetry and relative wall thickness from 18 to 41 gestational weeks[J]. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2021, 58(3): 388-397.
37
Gu X, Zhu H, Zhang Y, et al. Quantile Score: A New Reference System for Quantitative Fetal Echocardiography Based on a Large Multicenter Study[J]. J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2019, 32(2): 296-302.e5.
38
Wu J, Ruan Y, Gao X, et al. The reference ranges for fetal ductus venosus flow velocities and calculated waveform indices and their predictive values for right heart diseases[J]. J Perinat Med, 2025, 53(4): 491-502.
39
Ioannou C, Talbot K, Ohuma E, et al. Systematic review of methodology used in ultrasound studies aimed at creating charts of fetal size[J]. BJOG, 2012, 119(12): 1425-1439.
40
中华预防医学会出生缺陷预防与控制专业委员会产前超声诊断学组, 中华医学会超声医学分会妇产学组. 胎儿生物学参数超声参考值专家共识——总论[J/OL]. 中华医学超声杂志(电子版), 2024, 21(8):753-756.
41
Comstock CH. Normal fetal heart axis and position[J]. Obstet Gynecol, 1987, 70(2): 255-259.
42
Jatavan P, Tongprasert F, Srisupundit K, et al. Quantitative Cardiac Assessment in Fetal Tetralogy of Fallot[J]. J Ultrasound Med, 2016, 35(7): 1481-1488.
43
Hernandez-Andrade E, Patwardhan M, Cruz-Lemini M, et al. Early Evaluation of the Fetal Heart[J]. Fetal Diagn Ther, 2017, 42(3): 161-173.
44
Smith RS, Comstock CH, Kirk JS, et al. Ultrasonographic left cardiac axis deviation: a marker for fetal anomalies[J]. Obstet Gynecol, 1995, 85(2): 187-191.
45
International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, Carvalho JS, Allan LD, et al. ISUOG Practice Guidelines (updated): sonographic screening examination of the fetal heart[J]. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2013, 41(3): 348-359.
46
Wolter A, Kawecki A, Stressig R, et al. Fetal Cardiac Axis in Fetuses with Conotruncal Anomalies[J]. Ultraschall Med, 2017, 38(2): 198-205.
47
Zhao Y, Edington S, Fleenor J, et al. Fetal cardiac axis in tetralogy of Fallot: associations with prenatal findings, genetic anomalies and postnatal outcome[J]. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2017, 50(1): 58-62.
48
Donofrio MT, Moon-Grady AJ, Hornberger LK, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of fetal cardiac disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association[J]. Circulation, 2014, 129(21): 2183-2242.
49
Huhta JC. Diagnosis and treatment of foetal heart failure: foetal echocardiography and foetal hydrops[J]. Cardiol Young, 2015, 25 Suppl 2:100-106.
50
裴秋艳, 何怡华, 李胜利. 胎儿心脏超声横切面正常与异常特征专家共识[J]. 中国超声医学杂志, 2023, 39(6): 601-608.
51
Dangel JH, Clur SA, Sharland G, et al. Recommendations for the training and practice of fetal cardiology from the Association of European Paediatric Cardiology[J]. Cardiol Young, 2024: 1-10.
52
Peng R, Xie HN, Zhu YX, et al. Prenatal diagnosis of prevalence of the right heart: associated anomalies and outcome predictors[J]. J Ultrasound Med, 2014, 33(7): 1155-1161.
53
Kirk JS, Comstock CH, Lee W S, et al. Fetal cardiac asymmetry: a marker for congenital heart disease[J]. Obstet Gynecol, 1999, 93(2): 189-192.
54
广东省预防医学会出生缺陷预防与控制专业委员会, 中华医学会儿科分会心血管病学组胎儿心脏病协作组. 胎儿超声心动图检查技术规范(2021版)[J]. 岭南心血管病杂志, 2022, 28(3): 282-286.
No related articles found!
阅读次数
全文


摘要

版权所有 中华医学会 中华医学电子音像出版社有限责任公司  京ICP备14006079号-1  网络出版服务许可证：(署)网出证(京)字第075号

AI
小
编
AI小编
你好！我是《中华医学电子期刊资源库》AI小编，有什么可以帮您的吗？