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Review

Progress in research of left atrial spontaneous echo contrast in interventional therapy of atrial fibrillation

  • Zhao Wang ,
  • Shengmin Zhang ,
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Received date: 2022-03-07

  Online published: 2023-10-31

Copyright

Copyright by Chinese Medical Association No content published by the journals of Chinese Medical Association may be reproduced or abridged without authorization. Please do not use or copy the layout and design of the journals without permission. All articles published represent the opinions of the authors, and do not reflect the official policy of the Chinese Medical Association or the Editorial Board, unless this is clearly specified.

Cite this article

Zhao Wang , Shengmin Zhang . Progress in research of left atrial spontaneous echo contrast in interventional therapy of atrial fibrillation[J]. Chinese Journal of Medical Ultrasound (Electronic Edition), 2023 , 20(06) : 657 -660 . DOI: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1672-6448.2023.06.016

左心房自发显影(left atrial spontaneous echo contrast,LA SEC)是血流动力学及凝血状态改变后的表现,代表血流淤滞及血栓形成前状态1。LA SEC可能进一步发展成为血栓,且与脑卒中及栓塞事件相关2。心房颤动是最常见的心律失常疾病,改善症状和卒中预防是心房颤动治疗的主要目的。随着心血管介入技术的不断发展,近年来介入治疗已逐渐成为心房颤动患者的常见选择方案。本文就LA SEC的形成机制、分级评估、影响因素以及在心房颤动介入治疗中的临床价值做一综述。

一、LA SEC的形成机制和分级评估

(一)LA SEC的形成机制

SEC是经超声影像显示的血液中红细胞聚集情况,当血流动力学改变,出现血流速度减慢、湍流等异常动力学或者血液成分改变后,超声将探测到SEC的形成3。在心房颤动患者中,由于心脏节律紊乱引起LA不规则收缩,导致LA腔内血流变慢形成湍流。同时,左心耳(left atrial appendage,LAA)失去有效收缩,使得血液排空欠佳而在LAA内淤滞。此外,血液湍流可损伤心内膜,激活血小板促凝功能,加速LA SEC的形成。

(二)LA SEC的检出和分级评估

目前,临床上多采用Fatkin提出的半定量方法将LA SEC分为五级4:(1)0级:无SEC;(2)1级(轻度):很少的SEC在LAA内或很稀疏地分布于LA内,且只有部分心动周期能够看到,或者通过调高增益才能看到;(3)2级(轻中度):与轻度分布情况相同,显影更加明显,不需调高增益即可看到SEC;(4)3级(中度):LAA内可见SEC打转,LA腔内显影较少,整个心动周期都能够看到,亮度可能存在波动;(5)4级(重度):LAA及LA内均可见打转的SEC。该视觉分级法虽相对粗略,但操作简单,方便临床应用。此外,LA SEC也可以定量评估。使用彩色编码技术可以分析得到超声对比增强显影的视频强度值,根据视频强度值可对LA SEC程度进行定量评估。一项研究发现随着LA SEC分级级别升高,视频强度值也随之增加5。Klein等6使用背向散射积分对LA SEC进行量化,发现LA SEC的背向散射强度与定性测量之间有很好的相关性。但上述两种方法较复杂,目前临床应用不多。
经胸超声心动图(transthoracic echocardiography,TTE)和经食管超声心动图(transesophageal echocardiography,TEE)均可检出LA SEC,既往针对LA SEC的研究常将TTE和TEE探头的检查频率设置为2.5~5 MHz和2~7 MHz,同时根据超声影像清晰度可适当调节增益7, 8。在既往研究中,使用TEE在心房颤动患者中检出LA SEC的比例差异较大,主要由于纳入患者的临床特点(如抗凝治疗及合并疾病情况)不同所致。由于TTE探头的检查频率低于TEE,因此检出LA SEC的比例稍低9。但TTE为无创性检查手段,操作简便且更加经济,在临床上应用更为广泛。在早期研究中,由于采用传统线性成像技术导致TTE检出LA SEC的比例极低9。随着谐波成像等技术的问世,TTE对LA SEC的检出率大幅提升。一项研究显示,将TEE检测结果作为金标准,应用谐波成像技术的TTE检出轻微LA SEC(Fatkin分级1~2级)的敏感度为71%,而检出严重LA SEC(Fatkin分级3~4级)的敏感度则高达100%10。目前,谐波成像技术已广泛应用于超声仪器中,在良好检查体位及患者配合度的基础上,适当对检查频率和增益进行个体化调整,TTE在检出LA SEC方面可作为TEE的有效替代,尤其在合并中重度LA SEC的心房颤动患者中。

二、LA SEC的影响因素

研究表明,LA和LAA功能下降是心房颤动患者LA SEC的主要因素。LAA血流排空速度下降和LA长轴应变下降是LA SEC的独立危险因素11。Lowe等12亦发现LA SEC与LA内径增加、LAA流速降低和左心室射血分数下降相关。但目前尚无研究探索不同程度LA SEC与LA或LAA功能指标(如血流速度)的量变关系。有研究显示,心房颤动合并二尖瓣关闭不全的患者LA SEC的发生率更低13,这可能与二尖瓣关闭不全引起的湍流进入LA腔内而防止红细胞聚集有关。同时,个案报道显示二尖瓣关闭不全患者行修补术后可出现新发LA SEC14,从侧面佐证了上述发现。此外,LAA解剖结构与LA SEC的形成相关,根据LAA形态学特点,可将其分为鸡翅形、仙人掌形、风向袋形和菜花型四种形态15,在心房颤动患者中鸡翅形LAA出现SEC的比例较非鸡翅形更低16。Wang等17的研究显示存在SEC的心房颤动患者LAA叶数明显多于无SEC的患者,提示LAA叶数与SEC存在相关性。
CHA2DS2-VASc评分是评估非瓣膜性心房颤动患者血栓栓塞风险的评分系统,研究显示CHA2DS2-VASc评分高的患者LA SEC发生率亦增加18,这可能与评分较高患者合并LA功能异常的风险更高有关。Kuang等19的研究显示LA SEC与糖化血红蛋白水平升高相关,Liao等20发现高尿酸血症是LA SEC的独立预测因素,Wang等21的研究提示LA SEC与营养预后指标呈负相关,上述研究提示代谢及营养状态可能与LA SEC相关。此外,临床上常用的生物学标记物亦是LA SEC的预测因素,如凝血功能指标(D-二聚体)22、炎症指标(C反应蛋白)23和心力衰竭指标(脑利钠肽)24。因此应充分采集患者疾病史并完善相关检查,在此基础上评估患者LA SEC的风险。

三、LA SEC与心房颤动介入治疗

(一)LA SEC的临床价值

魏尔啸提出的血栓形成三要素包括血流、血液成分和血管壁的异常变化,而SEC的形成满足前两个条件,其形成先于血栓。Feickert等25发现接受抗凝治疗的心房颤动患者中LA SEC的比例仍较高,尤其在服用华法林的患者中。一项前瞻性研究显示,在抗凝治疗的基础上,合并严重LA SEC的患者仍有22%出现脑梗死26。指南推荐心房颤动患者在介入治疗前应抗凝治疗至少3周,且在术前应行TEE除外LA和LAA血栓,LA或LAA血栓是手术的禁忌证,但未对合并LA SEC做出要求,这也导致部分临床医师忽视了LA SEC的影响。然而,近期Linder等27研究了LA SEC对经皮导管主动脉瓣植入术围术期并发症的影响,结果发现合并中重度LA SEC的患者术后24 h内出现致残性缺血性脑卒中的比例高达6.8%。这一发现给心房颤动介入术者敲响了警钟,LA SEC是否会增加心房颤动介入患者围术期风险?应如何管理?LA SEC对患者术后远期影响如何?LA SEC在心房颤动介入治疗中的应用价值日益引起关注。

(二)LA SEC与心房颤动消融治疗

目前,导管消融治疗已成为症状性心房颤动的有效治疗手段,可有效改善患者生活质量。LA基质和功能改变与心房颤动射频消融成功率相关28, 29,但鲜有研究报道合并LA SEC患者的LA基质改变情况。Hartono等30纳入18例合并LA SEC的心房颤动患者,在消融术中测量峰间电压、总激动时间、主频及碎裂电位等用于评估患者LA基质,发现合并LA SEC的患者峰间电压值更低,总激动时间和主频更高。术后随访(30±13)个月,合并LA SEC的患者使用抗心律失常药物的种类更多(1.1±0.3 vs 0.7±0.5,P=0.02),维持窦性心律的比例却更低(44% vs 78%,P=0.04)。但该研究样本量小,且未探究LA基质改良是否可以改善该类患者消融治疗的成功率以及合并LA SEC对围术期安全性的影响。
一项国内研究纳入595例行导管消融的心房颤动患者,术前TEE检出147例LA SEC,两组围术期均无卒中及重要脏器出血事件发生,两组分别随访(9.7±2.8)个月和(8.9±2.7)个月,出血事件及血栓栓塞事件发生率LA SEC组均稍高,但差异无统计学意义31。该研究首次对心房颤动合并LA SEC患者围术期管理进行了探索,且针对LA SEC进行分级管理,合并中重度LA SEC的患者需服用抗凝药物并降至轻度LA SEC后方可行射频消融术,围术期强化抗凝管理,在此基础上LA SEC并未增加射频消融围术期血栓栓塞事件的发生风险,这一管理策略具有一定临床指导价值。但该研究术后随访时间较短,在研究LA SEC对心房颤动消融术后血栓栓塞事件的影响方面存在一定局限性。Gedikli等32纳入2511例心房颤动患者,根据术前是否存在严重LA SEC将患者分成LA SEC组(n=234)和无LA SEC组(n=2277),两组围术期血栓栓塞事件差异无统计学意义。术后平均随访(6.62±2.01)年,LA SEC组卒中/短暂性脑缺血发作比例明显高于无LA SEC组(2.6% vs 0.7%,P=0.004)。该研究亦发现合并LA SEC的患者行消融治疗围术期可能是安全的,且首次对该类患者进行术后长期随访,发现合并LA SEC在术后会增加卒中风险,提示合并严重LA SEC的患者术后可能有必要长期抗凝治疗,但大部分出现血栓栓塞事件的患者在服用华法林期间国际标准化比值未在治疗窗内,且部分患者存在抗凝禁忌或无法配合长期抗凝治疗。

(三)LA SEC与左心耳封堵

根据国内外指南推荐,卒中高危的心房颤动患者首选抗凝治疗,但部分患者存在抗凝禁忌,无法接受长期抗凝治疗33。近年来循证医学证据显示左心耳封堵术(left atrial appendage closure,LAAC)预防卒中的安全性和有效性与抗凝治疗相当,可作为抗凝治疗的有效替代34。根据Gedikli等32的研究结果,合并LA SEC且具有抗凝禁忌可能是LAAC新的适应证。目前,鲜有研究探索合并LA SEC的患者行LAAC的围术期安全性及随访结果。
近期,一项回顾性研究纳入95例成功植入WATCHMAN封堵器的心房颤动患者,其中34例合并LA SEC,两组患者围术期严重并发症发生率无差异;平均随访1年,两组卒中及出血事件发生率差异均无统计学意义35。该研究样本量较小,仅纳入植入WATCHMAN封堵器的患者,术后随访事件较短且未对不同分级LA SEC进一步分析。随后研究团队根据是否合并中重度LA SEC对患者进行分组,进一步纳入植入盘式LAA封堵器的患者,并将随访时间延长至术后(3.2±1.1)年,发现合并中重度LA SEC的患者术后卒中发生率更高(9.8% vs 2.2%,P=0.024),且多发生在术后2~3年,多因素Cox回归分析结果显示中重度LA SEC是LAAC后卒中的独立预测因素(风险比5.71;95%置信区间1.47~22.19;P=0.012)36。该研究结果表明,合并中重度LA SEC可能会影响患者行LAAC的获益程度。然而,根据纳入患者的CHA2DS2-VASc评分和HAS-BLED评分对卒中和抗凝出血风险进行预测,并对实际发生风险与预测风险进行比较,发现合并LA SEC的心房颤动患者行LAAC后卒中和大出血的实际发生风险较预测风险分别下降51%和100%36。根据Hartono等30的研究,合并LA SEC的患者LA基质情况更差,这类患者更易形成LA血栓,而LAAC仅能预防LAA血栓引起的血栓栓塞事件。因此,针对合并LA SEC的心房颤动患者在LAAC术前应充分评估LA功能,如合并LA功能受损,应在术前充分告知患者LAAC术后发生血栓栓塞事件的风险。此外,LAAC术后应动态评估LA SEC的变化情况,并结合封堵器表面血栓(device- related thrombus,DRT)和残余分流等发生情况制定个体化抗栓策略。
DRT是LAAC后术者最为关注的问题之一。如LAAC后LA SEC持续存在,理论上LA内淤滞的血流可能会增加DRT的发生率。研究显示术前存在中重度LA SEC的患者在LAAC后仍存在,且这类患者DRT发生率明显升高(8.8% vs 1.3%,P=0.025)36。一项多中心注册研究显示LAAC后发生DRT的患者合并LA SEC的比例高达50.6%37。EWOLUTION注册研究亦发现植入WATCHMAN封堵器后出现DRT的患者合并LA SEC的比例更高(26.5 vs 11.9%,P=0.03)38。上述研究均证实LA SEC可能会增加LAAC后DRT发生风险,但均为事后分析,且未对LAAC术后LA SEC发生情况进行动态观察。Fauchier等39发现LAAC术后接受抗凝或双联抗血小板治疗是DRT的保护因素,但目前尚无研究探索不同抗栓方案对术后LA SEC的影响。
综上,合并LA SEC的心房颤动患者行LAAC围术期可能是安全的,但术后应根据患者情况制定个体化抗凝策略,规范影像学随访,警惕DRT的发生。此外,应动态观察LA SEC及LA功能等情况,及时调整治疗方案。

四、存在的问题及展望

随着介入治疗在心房颤动综合管理中地位的逐步提升,LA SEC对接受介入治疗的心房颤动患者的影响得到了更多的关注,但目前已发表的结果集中在消融治疗和LAAC,尚无研究探索LA SEC对于心房颤动患者行先天性心脏病、瓣膜病或冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病等介入治疗围术期及术后的影响。此外,现阶段研究多为单中心回顾性或观察性研究,期待今后能够开展大规模前瞻性研究对合并LA SEC且行介入治疗的心房颤动患者的围术期安全性及术后血栓栓塞事件发生风险进行全面评估,以及对术后抗凝方案及随访计划的制定进行更深入探讨,从而形成该类患者行介入治疗的规范化流程,保证患者的安全性及手术的有效性。
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