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中华医学超声杂志(电子版) ›› 2022, Vol. 19 ›› Issue (02) : 161 -169. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1672-6448.2022.02.012

心血管超声影像学

三磷酸腺苷负荷超声造影在冠状动脉痉挛诊断中的应用
陈春晖1, 傅宴1, 张源祥1,(), 邱银汝1, 梁志尧1, 谢薇1, 刘福秀1   
  1. 1. 523080 东莞康华医院心血管中心
  • 收稿日期:2021-07-05 出版日期:2022-02-01
  • 通信作者: 张源祥

Application of adenosine triphosphate stress contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the diagnosis of coronary artery spasm

Chunhui Chen1, Yan Fu1, Yuanxiang Zhang1(), Yinru Qiu1, Zhiyao Liang1, Wei Xie1, Fuxiu Liu1   

  1. 1. Cardiovascular Center of Dongguan Kanghua Hospital, Dongguan 523080, China
  • Received:2021-07-05 Published:2022-02-01
  • Corresponding author: Yuanxiang Zhang
引用本文:

陈春晖, 傅宴, 张源祥, 邱银汝, 梁志尧, 谢薇, 刘福秀. 三磷酸腺苷负荷超声造影在冠状动脉痉挛诊断中的应用[J]. 中华医学超声杂志(电子版), 2022, 19(02): 161-169.

Chunhui Chen, Yan Fu, Yuanxiang Zhang, Yinru Qiu, Zhiyao Liang, Wei Xie, Fuxiu Liu. Application of adenosine triphosphate stress contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the diagnosis of coronary artery spasm[J]. Chinese Journal of Medical Ultrasound (Electronic Edition), 2022, 19(02): 161-169.

目的

探讨三磷酸腺苷负荷超声造影在冠状动脉痉挛诊断中的应用。

方法

收集2019至2020年在东莞康华医院行三磷酸腺苷负荷超声造影及冠状动脉造影,诊断为冠状动脉痉挛的典型病例5例,对其临床特点、冠状动脉造影特点及负荷超声造影检查过程中三磷酸腺苷的剂量用法和出现阳性结果时室壁运动及心肌灌注特点进行总结分析,同时对三磷酸腺苷负荷超声造影在冠状动脉痉挛诊断中的应用经验进行总结。

结果

5例患者中,4例最大耐受剂量为240 μg/(kg·min),1例最大耐受剂量为220 μg/(kg·min)。前4例患者在停药后9~11 min出现阳性反应,后1例患者仅停药3 min即出现阳性反应。左心室壁受累节段最多者高达6个(病例1),最少3个(病例2,3)。5例冠状动脉造影结果均为轻度以下狭窄。超声造影与冠状动脉造影一致程度较高的2例,一般的2例,不一致的1例。5例患者均在延迟恢复期方出现冠状动脉痉挛所致的节段运动和灌注异常;心肌灌注和室壁运动异常先于心电图ST-T改变和心绞痛症状发生,5例患者在检查过程中均未出现胸痛症状。

结论

三磷酸腺苷负荷超声造影用于诊断冠状动脉痉挛性心绞痛,在超声造影条件下能很好观察到心肌运动及心内膜灌注异常,即心肌缺血,早期发现心肌运动异常并及时停药可确保检查安全有效。

Objective

To evaluate the value of adenosine triphosphate stress contrast echocardiography in the diagnosis of coronary artery spasm.

Methods

Five typical cases of coronary artery spasm diagnosed by adenosine triphosphate stress contrast echocardiography and coronary angiography at Dongguan Kanghua Hospital from 2019 to 2020 were collected. The clinical features, the characteristics of coronary angiography, the dose usage of adenosine triphosphate during stress contrast echocardiography, and the characteristics of ventricular wall motion and myocardial perfusion in the presence of positive results were summarized and analyzed. The application of adenosine triphosphate stress contrast echocardiography in the diagnosis of coronary artery spasm was summarized.

Results

Among the five patients, the maximum tolerated dose was 240 μg/(kg·min) in four cases and 220 μg/(kg·min) in one. The former four patients showed positive reaction 9~11 min after drug withdrawal, while the latter one showed positive reaction only 3 min after drug withdrawal. The maximum number of the involved segments of the left ventricular wall were six (case 1), and at least three segments were involved (cases 2 and 3). Coronary angiography revealed mild stenosis in all the five cases. The consistency between stress contrast echocardiography and coronary angiography was high in two cases, normal in two, and poor in one. Segmental motion and perfusion abnormalities caused by coronary spasm occurring in all the five patients appeared in the recovery period of stress contrast echocardiography test. Abnormal myocardial perfusion and wall motion preceded electrocardiogram ST-T changes and angina pectoris symptoms. None of the five patients had chest pain during the examination.

Conclusion

Adenosine triphosphate stress contrast echocardiography can be used to screen patients with variant angina pectoris by inducing coronary spasm. Under the condition of contrast echocardiography, myocardial motion and endocardial perfusion abnormalities can be well observed. As long as the abnormal myocardial motion can be detected early and the drug can be stopped in time, the safety and effectiveness of the examination can be ensured.

表1 5例患者基本信息及临床症状
表2 三磷酸腺苷负荷超声造影剂量及结果观察
表3 三磷酸腺苷负荷超声造影室壁受累节段与冠状动脉造影结果对比
图1 病例1负荷超声造影峰值阶段与延迟恢复阶段图像对比。患者症状表现为10余年来反复出现夜间及清晨因胸痛而醒伴有颈部发紧,每次发作持续数分钟,近日发作频繁,就诊当日晨起刷牙时胸痛且向咽喉部放射。图a,b为峰值阶段舒张末期、收缩末期二腔心切面,左心形态、室壁厚度和灌注正常;图c为延迟恢复阶段收缩末期二腔心切面,左心形态失常、下壁全段变薄、收缩期不回缩外膨伴心肌灌注缺损(长箭头),前壁代偿性增厚(短箭头),ST段抬高;图d,e为峰值阶段舒张末期三腔心切面、收缩末期二腔心切面,左心形态、室壁厚度和灌注正常;图f为延迟恢复阶段收缩末期三腔心切面,左心形态失常、后壁全段变薄、收缩期不回缩外膨伴心肌灌注缺损(长箭头),前间隔代偿性增厚(短箭头),ST段抬高;图g,h为峰值阶段舒张末期、收缩末期短轴乳头肌水平切面,左心形态、室壁厚度和灌注正常;图i为延迟恢复阶段收缩末期短轴乳头肌水平切面,左心形态失常、后间隔及下后壁变薄、收缩期不回缩外膨伴心肌灌注缺损(长箭头),前侧壁代偿性增厚(短箭头),心电图ST段抬高
图2 病例2负荷超声造影基础阶段与延迟恢复阶段图像对比。患者临床表现为反复凌晨胸痛1年,每次持续1~2 min。图a~c分别为基础阶段舒张末期、收缩末期及延迟恢复阶段收缩末期四腔心切面,其中图a,b为左心室侧壁形态、厚度及灌注正常,图c箭头示延迟恢复阶段收缩末期侧壁中段不回缩、外膨变薄伴灌注缺损;图d~f分别为基础阶段舒张末期、收缩末期及延迟恢复阶段收缩末期两腔心切面,其中图d,e为左心室前壁形态、厚度及灌注正常,图f箭头示延迟恢复阶段收缩末期前壁心尖段不回缩、外膨变薄伴灌注缺损;图g~i分别为基础阶段舒张末期、收缩末期及延迟恢复阶段收缩末期三腔心切面,其中图g,h为左心室后壁形态、厚度及灌注正常,图i箭头示延迟恢复阶段收缩末期后壁心尖段局限性不回缩、外膨变薄伴灌注缺损
图3 病例3负荷超声造影基础阶段与延迟恢复阶段收缩末期图像对比。患者临床表现为检查当日晨起持续胸痛3 h。图a为基础阶段收缩末期心尖四腔心切面,左心室形态及灌注未见异常;图b为恢复期25 min心尖四腔心切面,左心室侧壁心尖段及中段收缩期不回缩、外膨变薄伴灌注缺损(长箭头),后间隔中段基底段及侧壁基底段代偿性增厚(短箭头);图c为基础阶段收缩末期心尖三腔心切面,左心室形态及灌注未见异常;图d为恢复期25 min心尖三腔心切面,左心室后壁心尖段及中段收缩期不回缩、外膨变薄伴灌注缺损(长箭头),后壁基底段及前间隔代偿性增厚(短箭头);图e为基础阶段胸骨旁短轴乳头肌水平切面,左心室形态及灌注未见异常;图f为恢复期25 min胸骨旁短轴乳头肌水平切面,左心室侧壁、前壁及后壁中段收缩期不回缩、外膨变薄伴灌注缺损(长箭头),间隔段及下壁中段收缩期代偿性增厚(短箭头)
图4 病例4负荷超声造影基础阶段和延迟恢复阶段收缩末期图像对比。患者表现为夜间和凌晨因胸痛而醒10年,加重数日,检查当日再次发作。图a为基础阶段收缩末期四腔心切面,心腔形态、室壁厚度及灌注正常;图b为延迟恢复阶段收缩末期四腔心切面,心腔形态失常、收缩期侧壁中段不回缩、变薄外膨伴灌注缺损(箭头);图c为基础阶段收缩末期左心室短轴切面,心腔形态、室壁厚度及灌注正常;图d为延迟恢复阶段收缩末期左心室短轴切面,心腔形态失常,前壁、侧壁及后壁变薄外膨伴心肌灌注缺损(箭头)
图5 病例5首次就诊多巴酚丁胺负荷超声造影基础阶段与延迟恢复阶段图像对比(病例5首次负荷超声造影使用了多巴酚丁胺和三磷酸腺苷2种药物)。患者1年前入睡前胸痛3次,检查前夜间发作剧烈胸痛伴大汗1次。图a为基础阶段收缩末期两腔心切面,左心室形态、室壁厚度及灌注正常;图b为延迟恢复阶段下壁基底段不回缩、外膨变薄伴灌注缺损(长箭头),前组乳头肌的出现易误认为前壁基底段的运动异常(短箭头);图c为基础阶段收缩末期乳头肌短轴水平,左心室形态、室壁厚度及灌注正常;图d为延迟恢复阶段收缩末期乳头肌水平,下壁中段不回缩、外膨变薄伴灌注缺损(箭头)
图6 病例5第二次就诊负荷超声造影基础阶段与延迟恢复阶段收缩末期图像对比。患者第一次就诊确诊后服用地尔硫卓近10个月无再次发作,后自行停地尔硫卓2个月后再次发作,检查前当日凌晨有2次发作,表现为剧烈胸痛而醒伴大汗,每次持续数分钟。图a~c分别为基础阶段收缩末期四腔、两腔(三角形所示为前壁肺气干扰)、三腔心切面,左心形态、室壁厚度及灌注均未见异常;图d~f分别为收缩末期延迟恢复阶段与基础阶段对应的切面,图d显示间隔心尖段,心尖帽不回缩、外膨变薄伴灌注缺损(长箭头),侧壁代偿性增厚(短箭头);图e呈现心尖部及下壁基底段不回缩、外膨变薄伴灌注缺损(箭头),三角形表示肺气干扰;图f显示心尖帽及前间隔不回缩、外膨变薄伴灌注缺损(箭头),后壁代偿性增厚。心电图显示Ⅱ、Ⅲ、AVF导联ST段压低,AVL导联ST段抬高
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