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中华医学超声杂志(电子版) ›› 2023, Vol. 20 ›› Issue (01) : 6 -13. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1672-6448.2023.01.002

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胎儿颅脑五横切面法:一种更为全面的神经系统异常筛查方法
李胜利1,(), 文华轩1, 曾晴1   
  1. 1. 518028 南方医科大学附属深圳市妇幼保健院超声科
  • 收稿日期:2021-06-17 出版日期:2023-01-01
  • 通信作者: 李胜利
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划(2022YFF0606301); 国家自然科学基金(62227808); 深圳市科技计划项目(JCYJ20210324130812035,JCYJ20220530142002005,JCYJ20220530155208018)

Five axial planes of the fetal brain: a more comprehensive screening method for nervous system abnormalities

Shengli Li1(), Huaxuan Wen1, Qing Zeng1   

  • Received:2021-06-17 Published:2023-01-01
  • Corresponding author: Shengli Li
引用本文:

李胜利, 文华轩, 曾晴. 胎儿颅脑五横切面法:一种更为全面的神经系统异常筛查方法[J]. 中华医学超声杂志(电子版), 2023, 20(01): 6-13.

Shengli Li, Huaxuan Wen, Qing Zeng. Five axial planes of the fetal brain: a more comprehensive screening method for nervous system abnormalities[J]. Chinese Journal of Medical Ultrasound (Electronic Edition), 2023, 20(01): 6-13.

图1 胎儿颅脑筛查的5个横切面超声图像及声束方向示意图。图a颅顶部横切面,显示颅顶部脑白质纤维(细箭头所示)和中线处强回声大脑镰呈横向的“Ⅲ”形;粗箭头示顶枕沟(POF),呈三角形;图b经胼胝体膝部和压部横切面显示脑中线(BM)、透明隔腔(CSP)、韦氏腔(VC)、胼胝体膝部(GCC)和压部(SCC);图c侧脑室水平横切面显示侧脑室后角(PH)、脉络丛(CP)、透明隔腔(CSP)、丘脑(T)、外侧裂(LS)、侧脑室前角(AH),尾状核(CN),胼胝体膝部;图d丘脑水平横切面显示胼胝体膝部(GCC)、透明隔腔(CSP)、侧脑室前角(AH)、尾状核(CN)、外侧裂(LS)、丘脑(T)、第三脑室(TV)和脉络丛(CP);图e小脑水平横切面显示侧脑室前角(AH)、透明隔腔(CSP)、尾状核(CN)、胼胝体膝部(GCC)、外侧裂(LS)、丘脑(T)、颅后窝池(CM)、脑干(P)、小脑半球(CH)和小脑蚓部(CV)
图2 胎儿颅脑筛查的5个横切面与图1相对应的模式图。图a~e分别对应图1a~1e
图3 颅顶部横切面扫查可以筛查的部分颅内异常。图a孕27周经全基因外显子组测序证实的无脑回畸形胎儿(TUBA1A基因突变)的颅顶部横切面,显示三角形的顶枕沟明显小于同孕周胎儿(箭头所示)。此外,本例还发现异常的外侧裂和小脑蚓部发育不全;图b胎儿颅脑磁共振证实的胎儿半卵圆中心脑白质软化,显示白质纤维(箭头所示)回声不均匀,可见细小无回声区域;图c颅顶部横切面显示胎儿一侧半卵圆中心区脑实质回声增强,经脑磁共振证实为胎儿脑出血;图d颅顶部横切面显示半卵圆中心的多发钙化灶(箭头所示),本例颅内相关感染指标检查提示胎儿巨细胞病毒感染;图e经颅顶部横切面显示胎儿脑穿通畸形,显示白质纤维回声不均匀,多发不规则的大范围无回声区。此外,该例还出现脑白质软化和脑积水;图f颅顶部横切面显示叶状全前脑,脑中线(MB)在颅顶部额叶连续性中断(箭头所示)
图4 经胼胝体膝部和压部横切面扫查可以筛查的部分颅内异常。图a孕24周单纯透明隔部分缺如胎儿,经胼胝体膝部和压部横切面扫查声像图示部分透明隔缺失(☆所示)和正常胼胝体膝部(GCC)和压部(SCC),全基因外显子测序检测结果正常;图b孕26周胎儿颅脑磁共振证实的胼胝体发育不良,长度明显小于同孕周第5百分位数;图c经胎儿脑磁共振证实的侧脑室体部出血(箭头所示),CP为脉络丛;图d侧脑室体壁多发钙化灶(箭头所示),本例与图3d为同一例,颅内相关感染指标检查提示胎儿巨细胞病毒感染;图e经磁共振证实的侧脑室壁灰质异位结节(箭头所示);图f侧脑室体部区域见脑裂畸形(黄箭头所示)、胼胝体膝部(GCC)、透明隔腔(CSP)、韦氏腔(VC)和胼胝体压部(SCC);图g侧脑室体部旁周围脑实质软化(箭头所示);图h经胼胝体膝部和压部横切面扫查声像图示高位枕部脑膨出,枕部可见宽约0.55 cm的颅骨缺损,其后的无回声区(CY)为膨出的脑膜
图5 侧脑室水平横切面扫查可以筛查的部分颅内异常。图a脑积水胎儿,侧脑室宽约2.19 cm;图b侧脑室水平横切面扫查声像图示透明隔腔缺失(白色箭头所示)和外侧裂形态异常(黄色箭头所示);图c孕28周经胎儿颅脑MRI证实的侧脑室旁白质软化,侧脑室水平横切面扫查声像图示脑实质回声增强,侧脑室前角和后角扩张,丘脑缺失;图d侧脑室水平横切面扫查声像图示枕部脑膨出,枕部可见一小的颅骨缺损,其后的无回声区为膨出的脑膜(箭头所示);图e无叶全前脑胎儿,声像图示单一侧脑室(SV),丘脑(T)融合,额叶脑中线未显示(箭头所示),枕部少量脑中线(BM)残存;图f侧脑室壁凸起小结节(白色箭头所示),MRI证实为灰质异位,同时外侧裂形态异常(黄色箭头所示)
图6 丘脑水平横切面扫查可以筛查的部分颅内异常。图a孕32周小头畸形胎儿丘脑水平横切面扫查声像图示头围(HC)测值为23.63 cm,明显小于同孕周均值的3个标准差。此外,此例还发现了异常的外侧裂(箭头所示);图b孕23周颅底部占位病变胎儿,肿物(M)位于脑中线,占据丘脑和透明隔腔的位置,因此丘脑和透明隔腔显示不清;图c丘脑水平横切面扫查声像图示枕部脑膨出,枕部可见一小的颅骨缺损,其后的无回声区为膨出的脑膜(箭头所示);图d丘脑水平横切面扫查声像图示丘脑强回声钙化灶(箭头所示);图e丘脑水平横切面扫查声像图示透明隔腔显示不清(黄色箭头所示),外侧裂形态异常(白色箭头所示);图f丘脑水平横切面显示经彩色多普勒证实的Galen静脉畸形(箭头所示)
图7 小脑水平横切面扫查可筛查的部分颅内异常。图a小脑水平横切面扫查声像图示胎儿后颅窝池的蛛网膜囊肿,小脑半球明显被囊肿(CY)压迫。此例患儿生后全身皮肤多处黑色素痣,证实为神经皮肤黑色素序列征;图b孕24周开放性脊柱裂胎儿的小脑水平横切面,声像图示香蕉小脑(长箭头所示),颅后窝池消失(短白箭头所示)和异常的外侧裂(黄箭头所示);图c胎儿颅脑MRI证实为菱脑融合;小脑水平横切面声像图上显示小脑半球发育不全且在中线融合(箭头所示),齿状核融合;图d小脑水平横切面扫查示一侧小脑半球大部缺失(箭头所示);图e无叶全前脑胎儿,小脑水平横切面声像图示单一侧脑室(SV),丘脑(T)融合,额叶脑中线未显示(箭头所示)小脑半球(CH)和小脑蚓部(CV);图f孕23周颅底部占位病变胎儿,肿物(M)位于脑中线,占据丘脑和透明隔腔的位置,因此丘脑和透明隔腔显示不清,此例与图6b为同一例胎儿
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