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妇产科超声影像学

超声对晚发型胎儿生长受限不良围产期结局的预测价值

  • 侯留杰 1 ,
  • 栗河舟 , 1, ,
  • 张红彬 1 ,
  • 张恒静 1 ,
  • 王昭宇 1 ,
  • 魏亚楠 1
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  • 1.450052 郑州,郑州大学第三附属医院超声科
通信作者:栗河舟,Email:

Copy editor: 吴春凤

收稿日期: 2021-09-15

  网络出版日期: 2023-01-19

基金资助

河南省医学适宜技术推广项目(SYJS2022066)

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未经授权,不得转载、摘编本刊文章,不得使用本刊的版式设计,除非特别声明,本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华医学会和本刊编委会的观点。本刊为电子期刊,以网刊形式出版。

Value of ultrasound in predicting pregnancy outcome of late-onset fetal growth restriction

  • Liujie Hou 1 ,
  • Hezhou Li , 1, ,
  • Hongbin Zhang 1 ,
  • Hengjing Zhang 1 ,
  • Zhaoyu Wang 1 ,
  • Yanan. Wei 1
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  • 1.Department of Ultrasonography, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
Corresponding author: Li Hezhou, Email:

Received date: 2021-09-15

  Online published: 2023-01-19

Copyright

Copyright by Chinese Medical Association No content published by the journals of Chinese Medical Association may be reproduced or abridged without authorization. Please do not use or copy the layout and design of the journals without permission. All articles published represent the opinions of the authors, and do not reflect the official policy of the Chinese Medical Association or the Editorial Board, unless this is clearly specified.

摘要

目的

探讨超声对晚发型胎儿生长受限(FGR)不良围产期结局的预测因素,并分析其诊断效能。

方法

回顾性分析2015年12月至2021年5月郑州大学第三附属医院收治的149例产前诊断为晚发型FGR患者的超声声像图及临床资料,按照是否出现不良围产期结局分为不良围产期结局组(72例)和对照组(77例)。记录一般临床资料及分娩前1周内经超声测量的大脑中动脉搏动指数(MCA-PI)、脐动脉搏动指数(UA-PI)、脑胎盘比(CPR)、羊水-脐脑比(AUCR)及估计胎儿体质量(EFW)。采用两独立样本t检验、Mann-Whitney U检验、χ2检验比较组间上述指标的差异,采用单因素和多因素Logistic逐步回归分析确定晚发型FGR不良围产期结局的预测因素,构建受试者操作特征(ROC)曲线分析各超声参数对不良围产期结局的预测效能。

结果

与对照组相比,不良围产期结局组AUCR、EFW百分位数、CPR、MCA-PI、最大羊水暗区垂直深度均明显降低[30.63±10.33 vs 39.70±11.15;3.2(2.1,6.4)vs 5.7(3.5,8.9);1.18±0.28 vs 1.37±0.21;1.22±0.26 vs 1.34±0.23;27.50(22.00,31.00)mm vs 29.00(23.50,34.50)mm],UA-PI明显增高(1.05±0.20 vs 0.98±0.16),差异具有统计学意义(t=5.138,P<0.001;Z=-4.618,P<0.001;t=4.464,P<0.001;t=3.129,P=0.002;Z=-2.292,P=0.022;t=-2.504,P=0.013)。多因素Logistic逐步回归分析显示AUCR、EFW百分位数、CPR为晚发型FGR不良围产期结局的独立预测因素(OR=0.951、0.753、0.154,P=0.024、<0.001、=0.044)。经过ROC曲线分析,AUCR、EFW百分位数、CPR预测晚发型FGR不良围产期结局的界值、敏感度、特异度分别为39.64、53.2%、81.9%;4.85、66.2%、66.7%;1.19、81.8%、51.4%。AUCR、EFW百分位数、CPR 3个变量联合的多参数模型对不良围产期结局的诊断效能提升,弥补了单项参数预测晚发型FGR不良围产期结局敏感度与特异度失衡的问题,ROC曲线下面积为0.795,敏感度、特异度分别为76.6%、70.8%。

结论

超声检查在预测晚发型FGR不良围产期结局中具有重要价值,AUCR、EFW百分位数及CPR是晚发型FGR不良围产期结局的独立预测因素,可为产前咨询和临床处理提供依据。

本文引用格式

侯留杰 , 栗河舟 , 张红彬 , 张恒静 , 王昭宇 , 魏亚楠 . 超声对晚发型胎儿生长受限不良围产期结局的预测价值[J]. 中华医学超声杂志(电子版), 2022 , 19(11) : 1187 -1192 . DOI: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1672-6448.2022.11.006

Abstract

Objective

To explore the predictive factors of ultrasound for the adverse perinatal outcome of late-onset fetal growth restriction (FGR) and analyze their diagnostic efficacy.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was performed on the ultrasound images and clinical data of 149 patients with late-onset FGR who were admitted to the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from December 2015 to May 2021. According to whether there were adverse perinatal outcomes, the patients were divided into an adverse perinatal outcome group (72 cases) and a control group (77 cases). General clinical data and middle cerebral artery pulsatility index (MCA-PI), umbilical artery pulsatility index (UA-PI), brain-placental rate (CPR), amniotic fluid-umbilical brain rate (AUCR), and estimated fetal weight (EFW) within one week before delivery were recorded. Two independent samples t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, and χ2 test were used to compare the differences in the above indicators between the groups, and the ROC curve was plotted to analyze the predictive performance of each ultrasound parameter on the adverse perinatal outcome, and single factor and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify the meaningful predictors.

Results

Compared with the control group, the AUCR, EFW percentile, CPR, MCA-PI, and MVP of the adverse perinatal outcome group were significantly lower [30.63±10.33 vs 39.70±11.15, t=5.138, P<0.001; 3.2 (2.1, 6.4) vs 5.7 (3.5, 8.9), Z=-4.618, P<0.001; 1.18±0.28 vs 1.37±0.21, t=4.464, P<0.001; 1.22±0.26 vs 1.34±0.23, t=3.129, P=0.002; 27.50 (22.00, 31.00) mm vs 29.00 (23.50, 34.50) mm, Z=-2.292, P=0.022], and UA-PI was significantly higher (1.05±0.20 vs 0.98±0.16, t=-2.504, P=0.013). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that AUCR, EFW percentile, and CPR were independent predictors of poor perinatal outcome of late-onset FGR (odds ratio=0.951, 0.753, and 0.154; P=0.024,<0.001, and =0.044, respectively). ROC curve analysis showed that the cut-off value, sensitivity, and specificity of AUCR, EFW percentile, and CPR for predicting adverse perinatal outcome of late-onset FGR were 39.64, 53.2%, and 81.9%, 4.85, 66.2%, and 66.7%, and 1.19, 81.8%, and 51.4%, respectively. Multi-parameter model including AUCR, EFW percentiles, and CPR had improved diagnostic performance for poor perinatal outcomes, and made up for the imbalance between sensitivity and specificity of single parameter in predicting adverse perinatal outcomes of late-onset FGR. The area under the ROC curve of the model was 0.795, and the sensitivity and specificity were 76.6% and 70.8%, respectively.

Conclusion

Ultrasonography is of great value in predicting the adverse perinatal outcome of late-onset FGR. AUCR, EFW percentile, and CPR are independent predictors of adverse perinatal outcome of late-onset FGR, providing a basis for prenatal consultation and clinical management.

晚发型胎儿生长受限(fetal growth restriction,FGR)是指胎儿在母体、胎盘及病理因素影响下未达到预期生长发育潜力,并在孕32周后首次诊断1。子宫胎盘功能不全是胎儿生长迟缓的主要影响因素2。与早发型FGR相比,晚发型FGR围产期并发症的发生率较低,但与正常发育的胎儿相比,晚发型FGR与短期和长期不良结局风险增加密切相关,如缺氧和神经行为发育迟缓等3。除分娩外,目前尚无有效的治疗方法可以逆转晚发型FGR的病程,因此,识别围产期受损风险较高的胎儿至关重要4。本研究拟通过分析各项超声参数对晚发型FGR不良围产期结局的预测价值,以期为临床尽早采取干预措施减少晚发型FGR不良围产期结局的发生提供依据。

资料与方法

一、对象

回顾性分析2015年12月至2021年5月郑州大学第三附属医院收治的149例确诊为晚发型FGR的孕妇。纳入标准:(1)单胎妊娠;(2)胎儿无结构畸形或染色体异常;(3)孕妇末次月经明确,经妊娠早期超声证实孕周;(4)根据国际妇产科超声学会共识诊断为晚发型FGR5。排除标准:(1)存在影响胎儿血流动力学的因素,如胎盘、脐带结构、胎儿自身发育异常等;(2)各种因素导致相关数据缺失。综合不良围产期结局认定标准:出现以下任意一种情况:引产或出生后死亡、新生儿低血糖、新生儿酸中毒、新生儿出生5 min Apgar评分<7分、新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征、需气管插管机械辅助呼吸、新生儿缺血缺氧性脑病、转入新生儿重症监护室。参照综合不良围产期结局认定标准将孕妇分为不良围产期结局组(72例)和对照组(77例)。本研究通过郑州大学第三附属医院医学伦理委员会审核并批准(伦理编号为:2021-148-01)。

二、仪器与方法

1. 仪器设备:采用GE Voluson E8、SΛMSUNG HS60彩色多普勒超声诊断仪,探头型号分别是C1-5-D(频率为1~5 MHz)和CA1-7A(频率为1~7 MHz)。
2. 方法:记录分娩前1周内常规超声检查结果,包括胎儿数量、估计胎儿体质量(estimated fetal weight,EFW)、最大羊水暗区垂直深度(maximal vertical pocket,MVP)及脑-胎盘多普勒血流参数等。在脐带游离段获得脐动脉血流频谱,测量脐动脉搏动指数(umbilical artery pulse index,UA-PI);在大脑中动脉(middle cerebralartery,MCA)近1/3处接近颈内动脉处获取MCA血流频谱,测量大脑中动脉搏动指数(middle cerebralartery pulse index,MCA-PI)。脑胎盘比(cerebroplacental ratio,CPR)为MCA-PI与UA-PI的比值。MVP通过不含胎体或脐带的羊水最深垂直处进行量化。羊水-脐脑比(amniotic-umbilical-to-cerebral ratio,AUCR)等于MVP/(UA-PI/MCA-PI)。EFW通过Hadlock Ⅳ公式计算,考虑到胎龄影响,将EFW转换为百分位数6

三、统计学分析

采用SPSS 25.0统计学软件进行统计分析。以Shapirowilk检验计量资料的正态性,孕母年龄、MCA-PI、UA-PI、CPR、AUCR符合正态分布,以
x¯
±s表示。孕期增加体质量、超声诊断孕周等符合偏态分布,以MQR)表示,采用独立样本t检验比较不良围产期结局组与对照组孕母年龄、MCA-PI、UA-PI、CPR、AUCR的差异;采用Mann Whitney U检验比较不良围产期结局组与对照组孕期增加体质量、超声诊断孕周、终止妊娠孕周、新生儿出生体质量、Apgar评分、EFW百分位数的差异;计数资料采用频数和率进行描述,组间差异比较采用χ2检验。采用单因素和多因素Logistic逐步回归分析晚发型FGR不良围产期结局的独立预测因素。绘制相关参数预测晚发型FGR不良围产期结局的受试者操作特征(receiver operator characteristic,ROC)曲线。以P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。

结果

一、2组基线资料比较

2组孕妇年龄、孕产史、孕期增加体质量、剖宫产率、新生儿性别比较,差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05);相比于对照组,不良围产期结局组子痫前期发生率更高,超声诊断孕周、终止妊娠孕周更早,新生儿出生体质量、新生儿第1分钟Apgar评分、新生儿第5分钟Apgar评分更低,差异均具有统计学意义(P均<0.05,表1)。
表1 2组晚发型胎儿生长受限孕妇及新生儿一般临床资料比较
组别 例数 超声诊断孕周[周,MQR)] 终止妊娠孕周[周,MQR)] 新生儿性别(男/女,例) 新生儿出生体质量[g,MQR)] Apgar-1[分,MQR)] Apgar-5[分,MQR)]
不良围产期结局组 72 33.57(33.00,34.54) 34.64(33.71,35.86) 43/29 1600(1400,1787) 9(9,10) 10(9,10)
对照组 77 34.71(33.79,36.00) 36.86(35.14,38.00) 44/33 2100(1755,2360) 10(9,10) 10(10,10)
统计值 Z=-4.247 Z=-5.571 χ2=0.102 Z=-6.750 Z=-4.361 Z=-3.806
P <0.001 <0.001 0.750 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
组别 例数 年龄(岁,
x¯
±s
孕期增加体质量[kg,MQR)] 初产妇[例(%)] 子痫前期[例(%)] 剖宫产[例(%)] 超声诊断孕周[周,MQR)]
不良围产期结局组 72 30.5±4.1 12.00(10.00,15.00) 35(48.6) 45(62.5) 62(86.1) 33.57(33.00,34.54)
对照组 77 29.5±4.3 13.00(10.00,15.00) 41(53.2) 32(41.6) 59(76.6) 34.71(33.79,36.00)
统计值 t=-1.450 Z=-1.336 χ2=0.320 χ2=6.534 χ2=2.195 Z=-4.247
P 0.149 0.182 0.572 0.011 0.138 <0.001

注:Apgar-1为新生儿第1分钟Apgar评分;Apgar-5为新生儿第5分钟Apgar评分

二、2组胎儿超声参数比较

不良围产期结局组AUCR、EFW百分位数、CPR、MCA-PI、MVP均低于对照组,UA-PI、EFW<第3百分位数的胎儿数高于对照组,差异均具有统计学意义(P均<0.05,表2)。
表2 2组晚发型生长受限胎儿各项超声参数比较
组别 例数 EFW<第3百分位数[例(%)] EFW百分位数[MQR)] MCA-PI(
x¯
±s
UA-PI(
x¯
±s
MVP[mm,MQR)] CPR(
x¯
±s
AUCR(
x¯
±s
不良围产期结局组 72 36(50.0) 3.2(2.1,6.4) 1.22±0.26 1.05±0.20 27.50(22.00,31.00) 1.18±0.28 30.63±10.33
对照组 77 18(23.4) 5.7(3.5,8.9) 1.34±0.23 0.98±0.16 29.00(23.50,34.50) 1.37±0.21 39.70±11.15
统计值 χ2=11.413 Z=-4.618 t=3.129 t=-2.504 Z=-2.292 t=4.464 t=5.138
P 0.001 <0.001 0.002 0.013 0.022 <0.001 <0.001

注:EFW为胎儿估计体质量;MVP为最大羊水暗区垂直深度;MCA-PI为大脑中动脉搏动指数;UA-PI为脐动脉搏动指数;CPR为脑胎盘率;AUCR为羊水-脐脑率

三、超声参数单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析

单因素Logistic回归分析显示,AUCR、EFW百分位数、CPR、UA-PI、MCA-PI、MVP均能够预测晚发型FGR不良围产期结局(P均<0.05,表3)。纳入表3中有统计学意义的变量进行多因素Logistic逐步回归分析,结果显示AUCR、EFW百分位数、CPR是晚发型FGR不良围产期结局的独立预测因素(P均<0.05,表4)。
表3 晚发型生长受限胎儿各项超声参数单因素Logistic回归分析结果
自变量 回归系数 标准误 Wald P OR 95%CI
AUCR -0.079 0.018 19.666 <0.001 0.924 0.893~0.957
EFW百分位数 -0.294 0.066 19.660 <0.001 0.746 0.655~0.849
CPR -3.097 0.749 17.104 <0.001 0.045 0.010~0.196
UA-PI 2.336 0.964 5.874 0.015 10.335 1.563~68.328
MCA-PI -2.124 0.716 8.792 0.003 0.120 0.029~0.487
MVP -0.068 0.026 7.043 0.008 0.934 0.888~0.982

注:EFW为胎儿估计体质量;MVP为最大羊水暗区垂直深度;MCA-PI为大脑中动脉搏动指数;UA-PI为脐动脉搏动指数;CPR为脑胎盘率;AUCR为羊水-脐脑率

表4 晚发型生长受限胎儿各项超声参数多因素Logistic逐步回归分析结果
自变量 回归系数 标准误 Wald P OR 95%CI
AUCR -0.050 0.022 5.090 0.024 0.951 0.910~0.993
EFW百分位数 -0.283 0.073 15.181 <0.001 0.753 0.653~0.869
CPR -1.874 0.930 4.064 0.044 0.154 0.025~0.949

注:EFW为胎儿估计体质量;CPR为脑胎盘率;AUCR为羊水-脐脑率

四、超声多参数ROC曲线分析

AUCR、EFW百分位数曲线下面积均>0.7,分别为0.722、0.719,当其诊断界值分别为39.64、4.85时,敏感度及特异度分别为53.2%、81.9%;66.2%、66.7%。CPR曲线下面积为0.692,当诊断界值为1.19时,敏感度及特异度分别为81.8%、51.4%。AUCR、EFW百分位数、CPR三者联合的参数模型对不良围产期结局的诊断效能提升,而且弥补了单项参数预测晚发型FGR不良围产期结局敏感度与特异度失衡的问题,曲线下面积为0.795,敏感度、特异度分别为76.6%、70.8%(图1表5)。
图1 胎儿各项超声参数预测晚发型胎儿生长受限不良围产期结局的受试者操作特征曲线

注:AUCR为羊水-脐脑率,EFW为估计胎儿体质量;CPR为脑胎盘率

表5 胎儿各项超声参数对晚发型FGR不良围产期结局的预测价值
参数 曲线下面积 95%CI 界值 敏感度(%) 特异度(%)
AUCR 0.722 0.641~0.802 39.64 53.2 81.9
EFW百分位数 0.719 0.639~0.800 4.85 66.2 66.7
CPR 0.692 0.607~0.777 1.19 81.8 51.4
联合三个变量 0.795 0.725~0.865 0.51 76.6 70.8

注:AUCR为羊水-脐脑率,EFW为胎儿估计体质量,CPR为脑胎盘率

讨论

晚发型FGR胎儿出生体质量较低,易发生早产、营养不良、胎粪吸入综合征、新生儿红细胞增多症、新生儿窒息等不良围产期结局。在临床工作中,若等到妊娠晚期或胎儿出生后临床诊断FGR的依据充分时,即使采取相应措施进行干预,FGR造成的影响也已无法避免。因此,晚发型FGR重在诊断,一经诊断即应开始严密监测。晚发型FGR的诊断与监测首选超声检查,主要通过二维及彩色多普勒血流成像进行评估,但目前尚缺乏明确的证据证实晚发型FGR围产期结局的影响因素。本研究通过分析晚发型FGR孕妇分娩前1周内的超声图像数据,提出具有较高预测价值的超声参数,以期能够早期预测晚发型FGR胎儿不良围产期结局并及时干预处理,从而提高围产儿生存质量,改善新生儿结局。
脐动脉可反映胎盘血流灌注情况,脐血流舒张末期缺失或倒置表示胎儿血流减少及严重恶化。MCA可反映胎儿脑血流灌注情况,辅助脐动脉多普勒评估胎儿缺氧的严重程度和预测新生儿围产期结局。CPR是MCA-PI与UA-PI的比值,消除了共同的外界干扰因素,结合了胎盘状态与胎儿反应,对于预测胎儿宫内缺氧状况比单一脐动脉或MCA血流监测更准确7。既往研究认为,综合不良围产期结局与分娩前胎儿血流多普勒异常之间存在显著关联,其中CPR和MCA更能反映胎儿发生低氧血症和酸中毒的情况,并且可能仅在晚发型FGR中发生异常变化8, 9。本研究发现,与对照组比较,不良围产期结局组UA-PI值明显升高,MCA-PI值、CPR明显降低(P均<0.05)。分娩前CPR异常是不良围产结局的独立预测因素,敏感度较好(81.8%),但特异度差(51.4%)。这也与近期的一项Meta分析结果吻合,胎儿血流多普勒参数预测FGR不良围产期结局的准确性较低,CPR对不良围产期结局的诊断效能优于MCA、脐动脉,ROC曲线下面积范围约0.57~0.83,敏感度为55%~93%,特异度为63%~91%10, 11。本研究提示在产前对FGR病例进行CPR的常规计算和报告可能有助于识别不良围产期风险较高的人群。
EFW<第3百分位数是FGR胎儿或新生儿围产期并发症的高危因素12。本研究发现,不良围产期结局组EFW百分位数明显低于对照组,且EFW百分位数是不良围产期结局的独立预测因素。既往研究发现包括死产在内的不良围产期结局与EFW之间存在较强的相关性,其风险随着EFW百分位数的降低而呈指数增加13
由于FGR往往合并羊水减少或胎盘缺陷,临产后可因胎盘功能障碍或脐带受压而发生胎儿宫内缺氧,引发胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息等不良围产期结局14。MVP和羊水指数在常规产科护理中广泛应用于羊水的量化。与羊水指数相比,MVP在减少非必要引产和剖宫产等方面具有明显优势15, 16。妊娠晚期胎儿发生FGR后,其MCA阻力逐渐降低和脐动脉阻力逐渐升高,CPR趋向接近于零,而脐脑比趋向于无穷大,从而突出了异常值之间的差异9。既往研究表明将MVP整合到脐脑比中对于预测不良围产结局的准确性更高17。本研究发现AUCR降低与晚发型FGR不良围产期结局显著相关,且诊断效能优于CPR、EFW百分位数,但敏感度较低,与其他指标联合使用更有意义,包括AUCR、EFW百分位数、CPR在内的多参数模型对预测晚发型FGR不良围产期结局具有更好的辅助意义。
本研究尚存在局限性:(1)回顾性研究的设计可能导致高危人群的选择存在偏倚;(2)病例组病例数较少,未来有望通过大样本量的前瞻性研究来评估晚发型FGR的血流多普勒参数及生长径线参数与不良围产期结局之间的关系。
综上所述,超声检查在预测晚发型FGR不良围产期结局中具有重要价值,其中分娩前1周内AUCR、CPR及EFW百分位数异常具有较好的预测价值。如果可以通过联合多种超声参数综合考量,有望提高对该类高风险孕妇的识别,指导临床医师制订治疗方案、进行病情监测及预后评估。
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