2023 , Vol. 20 >Issue 03: 319 - 326
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3877/cma.j.issn.1672-6448.2023.03.011
基于甲状腺结节纵横比与超声影像特征构建的列线图鉴别甲状腺结节良恶性的临床价值
通信作者:
刘锐,Email:564575207@qq.comCopy editor: 吴春凤
收稿日期: 2021-08-20
网络出版日期: 2023-07-05
版权
Application value of a nomogram based on ultrasonic thyroid anteroposterior/transverse diameter ratio and thyroid ultrasonography imaging parameters in predicting malignancy among thyroid nodules
Corresponding author:
Liu Rui, Email: 564575207@qq.comReceived date: 2021-08-20
Online published: 2023-07-05
Copyright
探讨基于术前甲状腺结节纵横径比值(A/T)及其他超声影像特征构建的列线图鉴别甲状腺结节良恶性的临床价值。
回顾性分析949例(1218个病灶)于2014年1月至2020年12月在东部战区总医院经手术病理证实为甲状腺结节的患者,其中良性病灶288个(良性组),恶性病灶930个(恶性组)。收集所有患者的临床和超声影像资料。采用t检验或χ2/Fisher检验分析2组患者临床资料、超声影像特征的差异。使用Logistic回归分析筛选出恶性结节的独立危险因素,并制作列线图可视化危险因素对良恶性结节的诊断效能。绘制受试者操作特征(ROC)曲线评估列线图及A/T作为单独预测因素对良恶性结节的诊断效能。
单因素分析结果表明,患者年龄、性别、甲状腺大小、结节在甲状腺叶内位置、结节横径、A/T、边界、边缘、回声、后方回声衰减、侧方声影、钙化和血流分级在良性组和恶性组之间比较,差异均具有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。通过Logistic回归分析,患者年龄(OR=0.958,P<0.001),结节叶内位置(P=0.030)、结节A/T(OR=44.339,P<0.001)、边缘(P<0.001)、回声(P=0.001)、钙化(P<0.001)被确定为鉴别良恶性的主要特征。年龄、结节位于叶内位置、结节A/T、边缘、回声和钙化在列线图中的分值分别为24、7.5、100、17.5、7.5、10。基于列线图模型鉴别甲状腺结节良恶性的ROC曲线下面积为0.890,敏感度为86.81%,特异度为78.60%。A/T>1鉴别甲状腺结节良恶性的ROC曲线下面积为0.701,敏感度为92.50%,特异度为36.81%。
基于A/T与其他超声特征联合构建的列线图模型对甲状腺良恶性结节的鉴别诊断具有良好的临床应用价值,可作为一种无创性量化工具提高诊断效能,更有利于术前甲状腺手术治疗策略的制定。
林秀玉 , 徐超丽 , 刘锐 , 戴云 , 杨斌 . 基于甲状腺结节纵横比与超声影像特征构建的列线图鉴别甲状腺结节良恶性的临床价值[J]. 中华医学超声杂志(电子版), 2023 , 20(03) : 319 -326 . DOI: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1672-6448.2023.03.011
To evaluate the clinical application value of a nomogram based on preoperative anteroposterior/transverse diameter (A/T) ratio and thyroid ultrasonography imaging parameters in differentiating malignant and benign thyroid nodules.
A total of 949 patients with 1218 lesions, including 288 benign lesions (benign group) and 930 primary papillary carcinomas (malignant group) pathologically confirmed after surgery at Eastern Theater General Hospital from January 2014 to December 2020, were enrolled in this study. Preoperative clinical and pathological data, and thyroid ultrasonography data were retrospectively analyzed and compared between the two groups using the t test or χ2/Fisher's exact test. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the significant independent risk factors for malignancy. Then a nomogram was made for visualizing the diagnostic performance of the risk factors for differentiation of benign and malignant nodules. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the nomogram and the A/T ratio as a single predictive factor for differentiating malignant from benign nodules.
Univariate analysis showed that there were statistically significant differences in patients' age, gender, thyroid size measured by ultrasound, location of nodules within thyroid lobes, transverse diameter of nodules, A/T ratio, boundary, edge, echo, attenuation of posterior echo, lateral sound shadow, calcification, and blood flow grade between the benign and malignant groups (P<0.05 for all). Logistic regression analysis identified patients' age (OR=0.958, P<0.001), location of nodules within thyroid lobes (P=0.030), A/T ratio (OR=44.339, P<0.001), margin (P<0.001), echo (P=0.001), and calcification (P<0.001) as predictors of differentiating benign and malignant lesions. The scores of patients' age, location of nodules within thyroid lobes, A/T ratio, margin, echo, and calcification in the nomogram were 24, 7.5, 100, 17.5, 7.5, and 10, respectively. The nomogram based on the above imaging factors showed good diagnostic performance, and the area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.890, with a sensitivity and specificity of 86.81% and 78.60%, respectively. With a cutoff point of A/T >1, A/T ratio alone had an AUC of 0.701, with a sensitivity and specificity of 92.50%, and 36.81%, respectively.
The nomogram based on A/T ratio and other thyroid ultrasonography features has good diagnostic performance in differentiating thyroid benign and malignant nodules. This model can be applied as a noninvasive quantitative tool to predict the risk of malignancy in thyroid nodules, which may facilitate decision making for thyroid treatment strategy preoperatively.
Key words: Thyroid; Ultrasound; Anteroposterior/transverse diameter ratio; Nomogram
表1 甲状腺结节良性组和恶性组患者临床和超声特征比较 |
变量 | 良性组(n=288) | 恶性组(n=930) | 统计值 | P值 |
---|---|---|---|---|
年龄(岁, ±s) | 49.65±11.18 | 42.81±12.02 | t=8.571 | <0.001 |
性别[例(%)] | χ2=7.237 | 0.006 | ||
男性 | 74(25.69) | 320(34.41) | ||
女性 | 214(74.31) | 610(65.59) | ||
甲状腺回声[例(%)] | χ2=0.198 | 0.906 | ||
均匀 | 247(85.76) | 804(86.45) | ||
欠均匀 | 31(10.76) | 92(9.89) | ||
不均匀 | 10(3.48) | 34(3.66) | ||
甲状腺大小(mm, ±s) | ||||
峡部 | 3.10±1.96 | 2.77±1.04 | t=3.685 | <0.001 |
横径(右叶) | 19.63±6.36 | 17.96±3.81 | t=5.356 | <0.001 |
纵径(右叶) | 16.35±4.76 | 14.99±3.44 | t=5.249 | <0.001 |
横径(左叶) | 19.13±7.42 | 17.423±3.39 | t=6.077 | <0.001 |
纵径(左叶) | 15.87±4.57 | 14.40±3.35 | t=5.872 | <0.001 |
结节位置[例(%)] | χ2=0.657 | 0.720 | ||
右叶 | 145(50.35) | 490(52.67) | ||
左叶 | 136(47.22) | 422(45.38) | ||
峡部 | 7(2.43) | 18(1.94) | ||
叶内位置[例(%)] | χ2=29.852 | <0.001 | ||
上极 | 36(12.50) | 206(22.15) | ||
中部 | 183(63.54) | 427(45.91) | ||
下极 | 62(21.53) | 279(30.00) | ||
峡部 | 7(2.43) | 18(1.94) | ||
结节横径(mm, ±s) | 12.82±7.56 | 10.20±5.63 | t=6.315 | <0.001 |
结节纵径(mm, ±s) | 8.39±5.07 | 8.42±4.09 | t=0.000 | 0.920 |
结节A/T( ±s) | 0.69±0.19 | 0.89±0.27 | t=27.200 | <0.001 |
边界[例(%)] | χ2=157.158 | <0.001 | ||
清晰 | 168(58.33) | 184(19.78) | ||
不清晰 | 120(41.67) | 746(80.22) | ||
边缘[例(%)] | χ2=270.057 | <0.001 | ||
光整 | 183(63.54) | 133(14.30) | ||
欠光整 | 56(19.44) | 260(27.96) | ||
不光整 | 49(17.01) | 537(57.74) | ||
回声[例(%)] | χ2=128.387 | <0.001 | ||
低回声 | 176(61.11) | 805(86.56) | ||
等/高/混合回声 | 96(33.33) | 68(7.31) | ||
极低回声 | 16(5.56) | 57(6.13) | ||
后方回声衰减[例(%)] | χ2=18.425 | <0.001 | ||
无 | 260(90.28) | 733(78.82) | ||
有 | 28(9.72) | 197(21.22) | ||
侧方声影[例(%)] | χ2=18.264 | <0.001 | ||
无 | 286(99.31) | 857(92.15) | ||
有 | 2(0.69) | 73(7.85) | ||
声晕[例(%)] | χ2=0.011 | 0.917 | ||
无 | 257(89.24) | 834(89.68) | ||
有 | 31(10.76) | 96(10.32) | ||
钙化[例(%)] | χ2=141.070 | <0.001 | ||
无 | 228(79.17) | 394(42.37) | ||
一个微钙化 | 11(3.82) | 118(12.69) | ||
数个微钙化 | 15(5.21) | 123(13.23) | ||
簇状微钙化 | 2(0.69) | 102(10.97) | ||
粗大钙化 | 32(11.11) | 193(20.75) | ||
血流分级[例(%)] | χ2=9.553 | 0.023 | ||
0级 | 64(22.22) | 218(23.44) | ||
1级 | 113(39.24) | 441(47.42) | ||
2级 | 59(20.49) | 150(16.13) | ||
3级 | 52(18.06) | 121(13.01) | ||
T4(nmol/L, ±s) | 106.23±21.84 | 104.79±19.84 | t=0.985 | 0.325 |
T3(nmol/L, ±s) | 1.36±0.30 | 1.37±0.30 | t=1.824 | 0.177 |
TSH(mIU/L, ±s) | 2.03±2.02 | 2.23±1.90 | t=0.288 | 0.592 |
FT3(pmol/L, ±s) | 4.54±0.58 | 4.62±0.59 | t=0.000 | 0.976 |
FT4(pmol/L, ±s) | 11.09±1.94 | 11.15±3.83 | t=0.014 | 0.906 |
注:A/T为结节纵横径比值,T3为血清三碘甲状腺原氨酸,T4为甲状腺素,FT3为游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸,FT4为游离甲状腺素,TSH为促甲状腺激素 |
表2 甲状腺结节恶性风险因素的多因素Logistic回归分析结果 |
因素 | B值 | SE值 | Wald值 | OR值 | OR值的95%CI | P值 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
年龄 | -0.043 | 0.008 | 28.824 | 0.958 | 0.943~0.973 | <0.001 |
性别 | ||||||
男性 | 1 | |||||
女性 | -0.208 | 0.206 | 1.017 | 0.812 | 0.542~1.217 | 0.313 |
甲状腺大小 | ||||||
峡部 | -0.014 | 0.078 | 0.033 | 0.986 | 0.846~1.149 | 0.856 |
横径(右叶) | -0.016 | 0.038 | 0.184 | 0.984 | 0.913~1.060 | 0.668 |
纵径(右叶) | 0.011 | 0.048 | 0.057 | 1.011 | 0.921~1.111 | 0.812 |
横径(左叶) | 0.001 | 0.042 | 0.000 | 1.001 | 0.922~1.087 | 0.986 |
纵径(左叶) | -0.027 | 0.049 | 0.310 | 0.973 | 0.884~1.071 | 0.577 |
结节叶内位置 | 8.960 | 0.030 | ||||
中部 | 1 | |||||
峡部 | 1.080 | 0.629 | 2.952 | 2.945 | 0.859~10.094 | 0.086 |
上极 | 0.351 | 0.253 | 1.931 | 1.421 | 0.866~2.333 | 0.165 |
下极 | 0.574 | 0.222 | 6.703 | 1.776 | 1.150~2.743 | 0.010 |
结节横径 | -0.011 | 0.017 | 0.432 | 0.989 | 0.956~1.022 | 0.511 |
结节A/T | 3.792 | 0.527 | 51.800 | 44.339 | 15.788~124.522 | <0.001 |
边界 | ||||||
清晰 | 1 | |||||
不清晰 | -0.361 | 0.290 | 1.548 | 0.697 | 0.394~1.231 | 0.213 |
边缘 | 30.669 | <0.001 | ||||
光整 | 1 | |||||
欠光整 | 1.379 | 0.319 | 18.651 | 3.972 | 2.124~7.429 | <0.001 |
不光整 | 1.760 | 0.320 | 30.296 | 5.813 | 3.106~10.880 | <0.001 |
回声 | 13.789 | 0.001 | ||||
等/高/混合回声 | 1 | |||||
低回声 | 0.714 | 0.254 | 7.922 | 2.041 | 1.242~3.355 | 0.005 |
极低回声 | -0.308 | 0.446 | 0.477 | 0.735 | 0.306~1.762 | 0.490 |
后方回声衰减 | ||||||
无 | 1 | |||||
有 | 0.033 | 0.296 | 0.013 | 1.034 | 0.579~1.847 | 0.910 |
侧方声影 | ||||||
无 | 1 | |||||
有 | 1.456 | 0.753 | 3.733 | 4.287 | 0.979~18.773 | 0.053 |
钙化 | 33.452 | <0.001 | ||||
无 | 1 | |||||
一个微钙化 | 0.962 | 0.366 | 6.915 | 2.616 | 1.277~5.356 | 0.009 |
数个微钙化 | 1.231 | 0.346 | 12.666 | 3.425 | 1.739~6.746 | <0.001 |
簇状微钙化 | 2.760 | 0.772 | 12.776 | 15.794 | 3.478~71.727 | <0.001 |
粗大钙化 | 0.880 | 0.268 | 10.761 | 2.412 | 1.425~4.081 | 0.001 |
血流分级 | 5.054 | 0.168 | ||||
0级 | 1 | |||||
1级 | 0.230 | 0.229 | 1.010 | 1.259 | 0.803~1.973 | 0.315 |
2级 | -0.064 | 0.301 | 0.046 | 0.938 | 0.520~1.691 | 0.830 |
3级 | -0.385 | 0.314 | 1.500 | 0.680 | 0.367~1.260 | 0.221 |
注:A/T为结节纵横径比值 |
图2 列线图(图a)和结节纵横径比值(A/T;图b)评估良恶性结节的受试者操作特征曲线。图c:67岁(~4分)男性患者甲状腺左叶下极(~1.8分)20.3 mm×13.4 mm等低混合回声(0分)结节,结节A/T=0.660(~18.5分),边缘光整(0分),内部未见微钙化(0分),列线图总分约为24.3分,恶性风险系数约为0.15,病理诊断为甲状腺腺瘤。图d:26岁(~16分)女性患者甲状腺左叶下极(~1.8分)7.4 mm×10.0 mm低回声结节(~7.5分),结节A/T=1.351(36.5分),边缘不光整(17.5分),内部见簇状微钙化(10分),列线图总分约为89.3分,恶性风险系数约为1,病理诊断为甲状腺乳头状癌 |
表3 列线图和结节纵横径比值诊断恶性甲状腺结节的诊断效能 |
指标 | 临界值 | 准确性(%) | 敏感度(%) | 特异度(%) | 阳性预测值(%) | 阴性预测值(%) | 曲线下面积(95%CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
列线图模型 | 80.54 | 86.81 | 78.60 | 55.68 | 95.06 | 0.890(0.868~0.911) | |
结节纵横径比值 | 1.00 | 61.82 | 92.50 | 36.81 | 54.41 | 85.76 | 0.701(0.669~0.733) |
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