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中华医学超声杂志(电子版) ›› 2023, Vol. 20 ›› Issue (03) : 319 -326. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1672-6448.2023.03.011

浅表器官超声影像学

基于甲状腺结节纵横比与超声影像特征构建的列线图鉴别甲状腺结节良恶性的临床价值
林秀玉, 徐超丽, 刘锐(), 戴云, 杨斌   
  1. 210002 南京,南京大学附属金陵医院(东部战区总医院)超声诊断科
    210002 南京,南京大学附属金陵医院(东部战区总医院)急诊科
  • 收稿日期:2021-08-20 出版日期:2023-03-01
  • 通信作者: 刘锐

Application value of a nomogram based on ultrasonic thyroid anteroposterior/transverse diameter ratio and thyroid ultrasonography imaging parameters in predicting malignancy among thyroid nodules

Xiuyu Lin, Chaoli Xu, Rui Liu(), Yun Dai, Bin Yang   

  1. Department of Ultrasound Diagnostics, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, Chinas
    Department of Diagnostics, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China
  • Received:2021-08-20 Published:2023-03-01
  • Corresponding author: Rui Liu
引用本文:

林秀玉, 徐超丽, 刘锐, 戴云, 杨斌. 基于甲状腺结节纵横比与超声影像特征构建的列线图鉴别甲状腺结节良恶性的临床价值[J]. 中华医学超声杂志(电子版), 2023, 20(03): 319-326.

Xiuyu Lin, Chaoli Xu, Rui Liu, Yun Dai, Bin Yang. Application value of a nomogram based on ultrasonic thyroid anteroposterior/transverse diameter ratio and thyroid ultrasonography imaging parameters in predicting malignancy among thyroid nodules[J]. Chinese Journal of Medical Ultrasound (Electronic Edition), 2023, 20(03): 319-326.

目的

探讨基于术前甲状腺结节纵横径比值(A/T)及其他超声影像特征构建的列线图鉴别甲状腺结节良恶性的临床价值。

方法

回顾性分析949例(1218个病灶)于2014年1月至2020年12月在东部战区总医院经手术病理证实为甲状腺结节的患者,其中良性病灶288个(良性组),恶性病灶930个(恶性组)。收集所有患者的临床和超声影像资料。采用t检验或χ2/Fisher检验分析2组患者临床资料、超声影像特征的差异。使用Logistic回归分析筛选出恶性结节的独立危险因素,并制作列线图可视化危险因素对良恶性结节的诊断效能。绘制受试者操作特征(ROC)曲线评估列线图及A/T作为单独预测因素对良恶性结节的诊断效能。

结果

单因素分析结果表明,患者年龄、性别、甲状腺大小、结节在甲状腺叶内位置、结节横径、A/T、边界、边缘、回声、后方回声衰减、侧方声影、钙化和血流分级在良性组和恶性组之间比较,差异均具有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。通过Logistic回归分析,患者年龄(OR=0.958,P<0.001),结节叶内位置(P=0.030)、结节A/T(OR=44.339,P<0.001)、边缘(P<0.001)、回声(P=0.001)、钙化(P<0.001)被确定为鉴别良恶性的主要特征。年龄、结节位于叶内位置、结节A/T、边缘、回声和钙化在列线图中的分值分别为24、7.5、100、17.5、7.5、10。基于列线图模型鉴别甲状腺结节良恶性的ROC曲线下面积为0.890,敏感度为86.81%,特异度为78.60%。A/T>1鉴别甲状腺结节良恶性的ROC曲线下面积为0.701,敏感度为92.50%,特异度为36.81%。

结论

基于A/T与其他超声特征联合构建的列线图模型对甲状腺良恶性结节的鉴别诊断具有良好的临床应用价值,可作为一种无创性量化工具提高诊断效能,更有利于术前甲状腺手术治疗策略的制定。

Objective

To evaluate the clinical application value of a nomogram based on preoperative anteroposterior/transverse diameter (A/T) ratio and thyroid ultrasonography imaging parameters in differentiating malignant and benign thyroid nodules.

Methods

A total of 949 patients with 1218 lesions, including 288 benign lesions (benign group) and 930 primary papillary carcinomas (malignant group) pathologically confirmed after surgery at Eastern Theater General Hospital from January 2014 to December 2020, were enrolled in this study. Preoperative clinical and pathological data, and thyroid ultrasonography data were retrospectively analyzed and compared between the two groups using the t test or χ2/Fisher's exact test. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the significant independent risk factors for malignancy. Then a nomogram was made for visualizing the diagnostic performance of the risk factors for differentiation of benign and malignant nodules. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the nomogram and the A/T ratio as a single predictive factor for differentiating malignant from benign nodules.

Results

Univariate analysis showed that there were statistically significant differences in patients' age, gender, thyroid size measured by ultrasound, location of nodules within thyroid lobes, transverse diameter of nodules, A/T ratio, boundary, edge, echo, attenuation of posterior echo, lateral sound shadow, calcification, and blood flow grade between the benign and malignant groups (P<0.05 for all). Logistic regression analysis identified patients' age (OR=0.958, P<0.001), location of nodules within thyroid lobes (P=0.030), A/T ratio (OR=44.339, P<0.001), margin (P<0.001), echo (P=0.001), and calcification (P<0.001) as predictors of differentiating benign and malignant lesions. The scores of patients' age, location of nodules within thyroid lobes, A/T ratio, margin, echo, and calcification in the nomogram were 24, 7.5, 100, 17.5, 7.5, and 10, respectively. The nomogram based on the above imaging factors showed good diagnostic performance, and the area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.890, with a sensitivity and specificity of 86.81% and 78.60%, respectively. With a cutoff point of A/T >1, A/T ratio alone had an AUC of 0.701, with a sensitivity and specificity of 92.50%, and 36.81%, respectively.

Conclusion

The nomogram based on A/T ratio and other thyroid ultrasonography features has good diagnostic performance in differentiating thyroid benign and malignant nodules. This model can be applied as a noninvasive quantitative tool to predict the risk of malignancy in thyroid nodules, which may facilitate decision making for thyroid treatment strategy preoperatively.

表1 甲状腺结节良性组和恶性组患者临床和超声特征比较
变量 良性组(n=288) 恶性组(n=930) 统计值 P
年龄(岁,
x¯
±s
49.65±11.18 42.81±12.02 t=8.571 <0.001
性别[例(%)] χ2=7.237 0.006
男性 74(25.69) 320(34.41)
女性 214(74.31) 610(65.59)
甲状腺回声[例(%)] χ2=0.198 0.906
均匀 247(85.76) 804(86.45)
欠均匀 31(10.76) 92(9.89)
不均匀 10(3.48) 34(3.66)
甲状腺大小(mm,
x¯
±s
峡部 3.10±1.96 2.77±1.04 t=3.685 <0.001
横径(右叶) 19.63±6.36 17.96±3.81 t=5.356 <0.001
纵径(右叶) 16.35±4.76 14.99±3.44 t=5.249 <0.001
横径(左叶) 19.13±7.42 17.423±3.39 t=6.077 <0.001
纵径(左叶) 15.87±4.57 14.40±3.35 t=5.872 <0.001
结节位置[例(%)] χ2=0.657 0.720
右叶 145(50.35) 490(52.67)
左叶 136(47.22) 422(45.38)
峡部 7(2.43) 18(1.94)
叶内位置[例(%)] χ2=29.852 <0.001
上极 36(12.50) 206(22.15)
中部 183(63.54) 427(45.91)
下极 62(21.53) 279(30.00)
峡部 7(2.43) 18(1.94)
结节横径(mm,
x¯
±s
12.82±7.56 10.20±5.63 t=6.315 <0.001
结节纵径(mm,
x¯
±s
8.39±5.07 8.42±4.09 t=0.000 0.920
结节A/T(
x¯
±s
0.69±0.19 0.89±0.27 t=27.200 <0.001
边界[例(%)] χ2=157.158 <0.001
清晰 168(58.33) 184(19.78)
不清晰 120(41.67) 746(80.22)
边缘[例(%)] χ2=270.057 <0.001
光整 183(63.54) 133(14.30)
欠光整 56(19.44) 260(27.96)
不光整 49(17.01) 537(57.74)
回声[例(%)] χ2=128.387 <0.001
低回声 176(61.11) 805(86.56)
等/高/混合回声 96(33.33) 68(7.31)
极低回声 16(5.56) 57(6.13)
后方回声衰减[例(%)] χ2=18.425 <0.001
260(90.28) 733(78.82)
28(9.72) 197(21.22)
侧方声影[例(%)] χ2=18.264 <0.001
286(99.31) 857(92.15)
2(0.69) 73(7.85)
声晕[例(%)] χ2=0.011 0.917
257(89.24) 834(89.68)
31(10.76) 96(10.32)
钙化[例(%)] χ2=141.070 <0.001
228(79.17) 394(42.37)
一个微钙化 11(3.82) 118(12.69)
数个微钙化 15(5.21) 123(13.23)
簇状微钙化 2(0.69) 102(10.97)
粗大钙化 32(11.11) 193(20.75)
血流分级[例(%)] χ2=9.553 0.023
0级 64(22.22) 218(23.44)
1级 113(39.24) 441(47.42)
2级 59(20.49) 150(16.13)
3级 52(18.06) 121(13.01)
T4(nmol/L,
x¯
±s
106.23±21.84 104.79±19.84 t=0.985 0.325
T3(nmol/L,
x¯
±s
1.36±0.30 1.37±0.30 t=1.824 0.177
TSH(mIU/L,
x¯
±s
2.03±2.02 2.23±1.90 t=0.288 0.592
FT3(pmol/L,
x¯
±s
4.54±0.58 4.62±0.59 t=0.000 0.976
FT4(pmol/L,
x¯
±s
11.09±1.94 11.15±3.83 t=0.014 0.906
表2 甲状腺结节恶性风险因素的多因素Logistic回归分析结果
因素 B SE Wald OR OR值的95%CI P
年龄 -0.043 0.008 28.824 0.958 0.943~0.973 <0.001
性别
男性 1
女性 -0.208 0.206 1.017 0.812 0.542~1.217 0.313
甲状腺大小
峡部 -0.014 0.078 0.033 0.986 0.846~1.149 0.856
横径(右叶) -0.016 0.038 0.184 0.984 0.913~1.060 0.668
纵径(右叶) 0.011 0.048 0.057 1.011 0.921~1.111 0.812
横径(左叶) 0.001 0.042 0.000 1.001 0.922~1.087 0.986
纵径(左叶) -0.027 0.049 0.310 0.973 0.884~1.071 0.577
结节叶内位置 8.960 0.030
中部 1
峡部 1.080 0.629 2.952 2.945 0.859~10.094 0.086
上极 0.351 0.253 1.931 1.421 0.866~2.333 0.165
下极 0.574 0.222 6.703 1.776 1.150~2.743 0.010
结节横径 -0.011 0.017 0.432 0.989 0.956~1.022 0.511
结节A/T 3.792 0.527 51.800 44.339 15.788~124.522 <0.001
边界
清晰 1
不清晰 -0.361 0.290 1.548 0.697 0.394~1.231 0.213
边缘 30.669 <0.001
光整 1
欠光整 1.379 0.319 18.651 3.972 2.124~7.429 <0.001
不光整 1.760 0.320 30.296 5.813 3.106~10.880 <0.001
回声 13.789 0.001
等/高/混合回声 1
低回声 0.714 0.254 7.922 2.041 1.242~3.355 0.005
极低回声 -0.308 0.446 0.477 0.735 0.306~1.762 0.490
后方回声衰减
1
0.033 0.296 0.013 1.034 0.579~1.847 0.910
侧方声影
1
1.456 0.753 3.733 4.287 0.979~18.773 0.053
钙化 33.452 <0.001
1
一个微钙化 0.962 0.366 6.915 2.616 1.277~5.356 0.009
数个微钙化 1.231 0.346 12.666 3.425 1.739~6.746 <0.001
簇状微钙化 2.760 0.772 12.776 15.794 3.478~71.727 <0.001
粗大钙化 0.880 0.268 10.761 2.412 1.425~4.081 0.001
血流分级 5.054 0.168
0级 1
1级 0.230 0.229 1.010 1.259 0.803~1.973 0.315
2级 -0.064 0.301 0.046 0.938 0.520~1.691 0.830
3级 -0.385 0.314 1.500 0.680 0.367~1.260 0.221
图1 预测甲状腺结节为恶性风险因素的列线图 注:图中赋值分别为,甲状腺叶内位置:1=中部;2=上极;3=下极;4=峡部;边缘:1=光整;2=欠光整;3=不光整;钙化:1=无钙化;2=粗大钙化;3=一个微钙化;4=数个微钙化;5=簇状微钙化;回声:1=等/高/混合回声;2=极低回声;3=低回声;A/T为结节纵横径比值
图2 列线图(图a)和结节纵横径比值(A/T;图b)评估良恶性结节的受试者操作特征曲线。图c:67岁(~4分)男性患者甲状腺左叶下极(~1.8分)20.3 mm×13.4 mm等低混合回声(0分)结节,结节A/T=0.660(~18.5分),边缘光整(0分),内部未见微钙化(0分),列线图总分约为24.3分,恶性风险系数约为0.15,病理诊断为甲状腺腺瘤。图d:26岁(~16分)女性患者甲状腺左叶下极(~1.8分)7.4 mm×10.0 mm低回声结节(~7.5分),结节A/T=1.351(36.5分),边缘不光整(17.5分),内部见簇状微钙化(10分),列线图总分约为89.3分,恶性风险系数约为1,病理诊断为甲状腺乳头状癌
表3 列线图和结节纵横径比值诊断恶性甲状腺结节的诊断效能
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