2024 , Vol. 21 >Issue 09: 836 - 842
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3877/cma.j.issn.1672-6448.2024.09.003
《心血管影像评估人工瓣膜功能指南》的解读
Copy editor: 吴春凤
收稿日期: 2024-03-03
网络出版日期: 2024-10-16
版权
Interpretation of recommendations for evaluation of prosthetic valves with echocardiography and doppler ultrasound
Received date: 2024-03-03
Online published: 2024-10-16
Copyright
王霜 , 王斌 . 《心血管影像评估人工瓣膜功能指南》的解读[J]. 中华医学超声杂志(电子版), 2024 , 21(09) : 836 -842 . DOI: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1672-6448.2024.09.003
表1 关于综合评价人工瓣膜的患者资料和超声心动图参数 |
项目 | 参数 |
---|---|
临床资料 | 瓣膜置换时间 |
人工瓣膜种类和尺寸 | |
身高/ 体质量/ 体表面积 | |
症状与临床表现 | |
超声心动图瓣叶和瓣架的开放和关闭 | |
人工瓣各部件或周边存在小叶增厚、钙化或异常回声 | |
人工瓣缝合环和瓣架的完整性、稳定性 | |
多普勒超声心动图 | 射流频谱的轮廓 |
峰速和压差 | |
平均压差 | |
射流速度- 时间积分 | |
多普勒速度指数 | |
主动脉瓣加速时间,加速时间/ 射血时间 | |
二尖瓣和三尖瓣压差减半时间 | |
有效瓣口面积 | |
反流是否存在、存在的位置和严重程度 | |
其他超声心动图数据 | 左心室和右心室大小、功能、肥厚程度 |
左心房、右心房大小和功能 | |
合并的瓣膜疾病 | |
肺动脉压力评估 | |
静脉流入模式(例如肺静脉到二尖瓣、肝静脉到三尖瓣) | |
既往术后资料(如有) | 比较上述参数对疑似人工瓣功能障碍特别有帮助 |
表2 人工主动脉瓣超声心动图评估参数 |
项目 | 参数 |
---|---|
主动脉瓣多普勒超声心动图 | 峰值速度/ 压差 |
平均压差 | |
射流速度轮廓线;加速时间 | |
多普勒速度指数 | |
有效瓣口面积 | |
反流的存在、位置和严重程度 | |
相关心脏腔室 | 左心室内径、功能和肥厚程度 |
术后既往资料(如有) | 以上参数的比较对疑似人工瓣膜功能障碍的患者特别有帮助 |
表3 人工主动脉瓣的多普勒评估参数 |
参数 | 正常 | 可能狭窄 | 明显狭窄 |
---|---|---|---|
适用于所有人工主动脉瓣 | |||
射流频谱形态 | 三角形,早期达峰 | 三角形至中间过渡型 | 圆钝,对称 |
加速时间(ms) | <80 | 80~100 | >100 |
加速时间/射血时间 | <0.32 | 0.32~0.37 | >0.37 |
峰值速度(m/s) | <3 | 3~4 | ≥4 |
不同主动脉置换术考虑的因素 | |||
SAVR | |||
平均压差(mmHg) | <20 | 20~34 | ≥35 |
DVI | >0.35 | 0.25~0.35 | <0.25 |
EOA | 参考EOA±1SD | 比参考EOA小1SD | 比参考EOA小2SD |
TAVI(与基线值比较) | |||
平均压差(mmHg) | 变化<10mmHg | 增加10~19mmHg | 增加≥20mmHg |
DVI | 变化<0.1或20% | 降低0.1~0.19或20%~39% | 降低≥0.2或≥40% |
EOA | 变化<0.3cm2或25% | 降低0.3~0.59cm2或25%~49% | 降低≥0.6cm2或≥50% |
表4 结构性瓣膜衰败的血流动力学标准 |
衰败情况 | 血流动力学标准 | ||
---|---|---|---|
瓣膜结构可能衰败 | 平均压差增加≥10mmHg导致平均压差≥20mmHg,同时EOA降低≥0.3cm2或25%和(或)术后DVI与基线值(1~3个月)相比降低≥0.1或≥20%;新发生或增加一级的瓣膜内主动脉瓣反流,导致中度或更严重的主动脉瓣反流 | ||
明显的瓣膜结构衰败 | 平均压差增加≥20mmHg导致平均压差≥30mmHg,同时EOA降低≥0.6cm2或≥50%和(或)术后DVI与基线值(1~3个月)相比降低≥0.2或≥40%;新发生或增加至少两级的瓣膜内主动脉瓣反流,导致中度或以上至重度的主动脉瓣反流 |
表5 主动脉瓣和二尖瓣人工瓣-患者不匹配的多普勒参数EOA 标准(cm2/m2) |
瓣膜 | 正常 | 中度不匹配 | 重度不匹配 |
---|---|---|---|
主动脉瓣 | |||
BMI<30kg/m2 | >0.85 | 0.85~0.66 | ≤0.65 |
BMI≥30kg/m2 | >0.70 | 0.70~0.56 | ≤0.55 |
二尖瓣 | |||
BMI<30kg/m2 | >1.20 | 1.20~0.91 | ≤0.90 |
BMI≥30kg/m2 | >1.00 | 1.00~0.76 | ≤0.75 |
表6 人工主动脉瓣反流严重程度的评估 |
参数 | 轻度反流 | 中度反流 | 重度反流 |
---|---|---|---|
瓣膜结构和活动(机械瓣或生物瓣) | 通常正常 | 异常 | 异常 |
结构相关参数(左心室内径) | 正常 | 正常或轻度扩大 | 扩大 |
多普勒参数(定性或半定量) | |||
反流束宽度/LVOT直径 | 窄小(<25%) | 介于二者之间(26%~64%) | 宽大(≥65%) |
缩流颈宽度(彩色) | <0.3cm | 0.3~0.6cm | >0.6cm |
缩流颈面积(二维/三维/彩色) | <0.10cm2 | 0.1~0.29cm2 | ≥0.30cm2 |
瓣周漏圆周范围(彩色) | |||
反流束回声密度 | 不完整或微弱 | 密集 | 密集 |
反流束减速率(压差减半时间) | 缓(>500ms) | 可变(200~500ms) | 陡(<200ms) |
降主动脉舒张期反向血流 | 无或仅出现在舒张早期 | 介于二者之间 | 明显,全舒张期 |
多普勒参数(定量) | |||
反流容积(ml/次) | <30 | 30~59 | ≥60 |
反流分数(%) | <30 | 30~50 | ≥50 |
表7 评价人工二尖瓣狭窄的多普勒指标 |
指标 | 正常 | 可能狭窄 | 显著狭窄 |
---|---|---|---|
峰值速度(m/s) | <1.9 | 1.9~2.5 | ≥2.5 |
平均压差(mmHg) | ≤5 | 6~10 | >10 |
DVI | <2.2 | 2.2~2.5 | >2.5 |
EOA(cm2) | ≥2.0 | 1.0~2.0 | <1.0 |
压差减半时间(ms) | <130 | 130~200 | >200 |
表8 经胸和经食管超声心动图评价人工二尖瓣反流严重程度的标准 |
参数 | 轻度反流 | 中度反流 | 重度反流 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
结构性参数 | |||||
左心室内径 | 正常 | 正常或扩大 | 通常扩大 | ||
人工瓣 | 通常正常 | 异常 | 异常 | ||
多普勒参数 | |||||
彩色血流面积 | 少量,中心性反流(通常<4cm2或<左心房面积的20%) | 可变 | 大量中心性反流(通常>8cm2或>左心房面积的50%)或左心房内大小不一的触壁涡流 | ||
血流汇聚 | 无或轻度 | 中量 | 大量 | ||
反流束强度 | 不完整或微弱 | 密集 | 密集 | ||
反流束形状 | 抛物线形 | 多为抛物线形 | 早期达峰,三角形 | ||
肺静脉血流 | 收缩期明显 | 收缩期峰值变钝 | 收缩期逆向血流 | ||
定量参数 | |||||
缩流颈宽度(cm) | <0.30 | 0.30~0.69 | ≥0.70 | ||
反流容积(ml/次) | <30 | 30~59 | ≥60 | ||
反流分数(%) | <30 | 30~49 | ≥50 | ||
有效反流面积(cm2) | <0.20 | 0.20~0.39 | ≥0.40 |
表9 评估人工肺动脉瓣狭窄的参数 |
参数 | 正常 | 可能梗阻 | |
---|---|---|---|
定性参数 | 正常瓣膜结构或活动 | 瓣膜结构或活动异常 | |
层流 | 使用脉冲多普勒确定狭窄位置 | ||
通过窄束射流的彩色多普勒确定血流加速 | |||
定量参数 | |||
峰值速度 | 生物瓣<3.2m/s;同种瓣移植<2.5m/s | 生物瓣≥3.2m/s;同种瓣移植≥2.5m/s | |
平均压差 | 生物瓣<20mmHg;同种瓣移植<15mmHg | 生物瓣≥20mmHg;同种瓣移植≥15mmHg | |
与基线值的系列比较 | 稳定的峰值/平均压差和峰值速度 | 峰值/平均压差或峰值速度增加 | |
右心室收缩压没有变化 | 右心室收缩压增加 | ||
右心室大小与收缩功能没有变化 | 右心室大小增加和收缩功能减低 | ||
DVI没有变化 | DVI减低 |
表10 人工肺动脉瓣反流严重程度的超声心动图评估 |
参数 | 轻度反流 | 中度反流 | 重度反流 |
---|---|---|---|
瓣膜结构 | 通常正常 | 异常或瓣膜开裂 | 异常或瓣膜开裂 |
右心室大小 | 正常 | 正常或扩张 | 扩张 |
彩色多普勒反流束大小 | 窄束血流,反流宽度≤肺动脉瓣环的25% | 中度,反流宽度为肺动脉瓣环的26%~50% | 通常为大的宽束血流,反流宽度>肺动脉瓣环的50%,持续时间可能很短 |
连续多普勒反流束强度 | 不完整或微弱 | 密集 | 密集 |
连续多普勒反流束速率 | 缓慢减速 | 减速可变 | 急剧减速,舒张期血流提前结束 |
脉冲多普勒评估肺动脉收缩期血流与体循环血流相比较 | 轻度增加 | 中度增加 | 重度增加 |
主肺动脉远端舒张期血流逆转 | 无 | 有 | 有 |
表11 人工三尖瓣狭窄的多普勒超声参数评估 |
参数 | 生物瓣 | 机械瓣 | |
---|---|---|---|
E峰流速(m/s) | ≥2.1 | ≥1.9 | |
平均压差(mmHg) | ≥9 | ≥6 | |
压差减半时间(ms) | ≥200 | ≥130 | |
EOA(cm2) | <1.5 | <2.0 | |
DVI | ≥3.3 | ≥2.1 |
表12 三尖瓣置换或修复术后反流严重程度分级 |
参数 | 轻度反流 | 中度反流 | 重度反流 |
---|---|---|---|
定性参数 | |||
彩色反流束面积 | 小、窄、中心性 | 中度、中心性 | 大的中心性反流或大小不等的偏心性在右房内旋转的反流 |
血流汇聚区 | 不可见或较小 | 中等大小 | 大的 |
连续多普勒速度波形 | 微弱/不完全/抛物线状 | 密集、抛物线状或三角形 | 密集,常为三角形 |
三尖瓣流入 | A波占主导 | 可变的 | E波占主导 |
半定量参数 | |||
缩流颈宽度(cm) | <0.30 | 0.30~0.69 | ≥0.70或≥2个中等反流 |
近端等速表面积法半径(cm) | ≤0.5 | 0.6~0.9 | >0.9 |
肝静脉血流 | 收缩期为主 | 收缩期减弱 | 收缩期血流逆转 |
定量参数 | |||
有效瓣口面积(cm2) | <0.20 | 0.20~0.39 | ≥0.40 |
反流容积(ml) | <30 | 30~44 | ≥45 |
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