Abstract:
Objective To analyze the ultrasonic features of thyroid nodules originating in the thyroid isthmus in order to distinguish malignant nodules from benign ones.
Methods One hundred and ninety-six nodules located in the thyroid isthmus of 194 patients who had undergone total thyroidectomy with bilateral central lymph node dissection at Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine from January to December 2016 were included in this study. The ultrasonic images were reviewed and all nodules had surgical pathology. The sonographic nodular features were compared between malignant ones and benign ones. In the meantime, 239 nodules located in thyroid lobes of 226 patients who had undergone total thyroidectomy with bilateral central lymph node dissection were included. The differences in ultrasonic characteristics between the isthmus and non-isthmus thyroid malignant nodules were analyzed. The evaluation of two types of Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TIRADS) to nodules located in thyroid isthmus were validated. Student's t test was used to compare the age and size of benign and malignant nodules. Chi square test was applied to compare the ultrasonic characteristics of benign and malignant nodules, the gender of patients, and the ultrasonic characteristics of malignant nodules located in the isthmus with those in the lateral lobe, with Fisher's exact probability test used when necessary.
Results The ultrasonic characteristics such as irregular margins, solid nature, hypoechogenicity, microcalcification, peripheral vascularization, and low vascularization degree were risk factors for malignancy of nodules located in the thyroid isthmus (P<0.05). Compared with malignant nodules located in thyroid lobes, the tumors located in the isthmus more frequently had a wider-than-tall shape, clear and regular margins, peripheral vascularization, low vascularization degree, and cervical central lymph nodes metastasis (P<0.05). The actual malignancy rate of TIRADS 4A and 4B nodules located in the thyroid isthmus was higher than those suggested by the two types of TIRADS.
Conclusion A taller-than-wide shape and ill-defined margins are ineffective ultrasonic features to distinguish malignant thyroid nodules from benign ones originating in the thyroid isthmus. Low vascularization degree can help diagnosing nodules in the thyroid isthmus. It is necessary to pay more attention to hypoechoic nodules located in the thyroid isthmus. When the thyroid isthmus nodules are stratified, appropriate upgrading should be made.
Key words:
Thyroid Isthmus,
Thyroid nodule,
Ultrasonic features,
Diagnosis
Yi Zheng, Weiwei Zhan. Diagnosis of nodules located in the thyroid isthmus by sonography[J]. Chinese Journal of Medical Ultrasound (Electronic Edition), 2020, 17(11): 1114-1120.