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中华医学超声杂志(电子版) ›› 2026, Vol. 23 ›› Issue (05) : 416 -425. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1672-6448.2026.05.012

心血管超声影像学

四维自动左心房定量系列指标在高血压患者左心房功能及舒张功能不良评估中的应用
薛丹, 李晗, 侯颖, 文立伟, 邢长洋, 袁丽君, 张宇新()   
  1. 710038 西安,空军军医大学第二附属医院超声医学科
  • 收稿日期:2025-12-17 出版日期:2026-05-01
  • 通信作者: 张宇新
  • 基金资助:
    空军军医大学教学研究课题重点项目(B-YKT202201)

Application of four-dimensional automatic left atrium quantitative series indicators for evaluating left atrial function and diastolic dysfunction in hypertensive patients

Dan Xue, Han Li, Ying Hou, Liwei Wen, Changyang Xing, Lijun Yuan, Yuxin Zhang()   

  1. Department of Ultrasound Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
  • Received:2025-12-17 Published:2026-05-01
  • Corresponding author: Yuxin Zhang
引用本文:

薛丹, 李晗, 侯颖, 文立伟, 邢长洋, 袁丽君, 张宇新. 四维自动左心房定量系列指标在高血压患者左心房功能及舒张功能不良评估中的应用[J/OL]. 中华医学超声杂志(电子版), 2026, 23(05): 416-425.

Dan Xue, Han Li, Ying Hou, Liwei Wen, Changyang Xing, Lijun Yuan, Yuxin Zhang. Application of four-dimensional automatic left atrium quantitative series indicators for evaluating left atrial function and diastolic dysfunction in hypertensive patients[J/OL]. Chinese Journal of Medical Ultrasound (Electronic Edition), 2026, 23(05): 416-425.

目的

应用四维自动左心房定量分析(4D Auto LAQ)技术,系统评估原发性高血压(EH)患者左心房功能的变化规律,并探寻能够高效识别该类人群左心室舒张功能不良(LVDD)的最佳超声指标。

方法

采用横断面研究设计,连续纳入2023年10月至2025年11月于空军军医大学第二附属医院就诊的EH患者133例及健康志愿者50例(对照组)。EH患者根据《中国高血压防治指南(2024年修订版)》分为高血压前期(Pre-HT)、1级、2级、3级4个亚组,分别为30例、53例、30例、20例。LVDD判定依据2025年美国超声心动图学会(ASE)指南,并依据此标准将患者分为左心室舒张功能正常组95例(含健康志愿者50例及EH患者45例)和LVDD组88例(均为EH患者)。所有受试者均接受标准经胸超声心动图检查及经胸三维图像采集。使用ECHOPAC 204工作站进行4D Auto LAQ分析,获取左心房容积、长轴与环向应变参数,并计算左心房整体射血分数(LAEF)、被动/主动射血分数(LAP/LAAEF)、膨胀指数(LAEI)、左心房容积/机械耦合指数(LAVMCI)、左心房室偶联指数(LACI)及僵硬指数(LASI)。采用单因素方差分析及LSD-t检验进行上述参数的组间差异比较。通过受试者操作特征(ROC)曲线评估各参数对LVDD的诊断效能。

结果

与对照组相比,Pre-HT组左心房最小容积(LAVmin)[(18.57±4.76)ml vs(15.09±5.16)ml]及左心房收缩前容积[(32.30±8.95)ml vs(26.00±8.61)ml]显著增大,LAEF[(56.17±6.71)% vs(60.89±6.23)%]、LAPEF[(0.25±0.09)vs(0.33±0.07)]及左心房储备期环向应变[(31.70±7.62)% vs(37.91±11.42)%]显著减低,差异均具有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。随着高血压分级增加,左心房最大容积从(38.29±11.28)ml增大至(70.92±19.17)ml,LAVmin从(15.09±5.16)ml增大至(37.08±10.10)ml,LAVMCI从(2.60±0.94)升高至(5.09±1.93);左心房储备期长轴应变(LASr)从(27.71±6.32)%减低至(16.67±4.81)%,左心房管道期长轴应变从(-15.23±4.81)%减低至(-6.33±3.17)%,差异均具有统计学意义(P均<0.001)。LVDD组LAVMCI显著高于正常组[(6.56±3.31)vs(2.59±0.88)],差异具有统计学意义(t=8.949,P<0.001)。ROC曲线分析显示,LAVMCI诊断LVDD的曲线下面积(AUC)为0.951(95%CI:0.92~0.98),截断值为2.75,敏感度为100%,特异度为69.15%,显著优于LASr(AUC=0.721)。

结论

4D Auto LAQ技术能够敏感地发现从Pre-HT开始的左心房储备、管道及收缩功能的损害。LAVMCI对鉴别EH患者LVDD表现出最优的诊断效能,提示其可能成为评估高血压相关舒张功能不良的潜在有效指标。

Objective

To systematically evaluate alterations in left atrial (LA) function in patients with essential hypertension (EH) using four-dimensional automatic left atrial quantification (4D Auto LAQ) technology, and to identify the optimal echocardiographic parameter for efficiently detecting left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) in this population.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted, consecutively enrolling 133 EH patients treated at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University between October 2023 and November 2025, along with 50 healthy volunteers as the control group. EH patients were stratified into four subgroups (pre-hypertension, grade 1, grade 2, and grade 3) according to the 2024 revised Chinese Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Hypertension. LVDD was diagnosed based on the updated 2025 American Society of Echocardiography guidelines for diastolic function assessment. All participants underwent comprehensive transthoracic echocardiography, including standard two-dimensional and three-dimensional full-volume image acquisition. Offline analysis was performed using an ECHOPAC 204 workstation with 4D Auto LAQ software to derive LA volumetric, longitudinal, and circumferential strain parameters. Calculated indices included LA emptying fraction (LAEF), passive and active ejection fractions (LAPEF, LAAEF), expansion index (LAEI), LA volume/mechanical coupling index (LAVMCI), LA-ventricular coupling index (LACI), and LA stiffness index (LASI). Inter-group comparisons were conducted using one-way analysis of variance followed by the LSD-t post hoc test. The diagnostic performance of each parameter for LVDD was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.

Results

Compared with the control group, the prehypertension group exhibited significantly increased LA minimum volume (LAVmin) [(18.57±4.76) ml vs (15.09±5.16) ml] and pre-systolic volume [(32.30±8.95) ml vs (26.00±8.61) ml], along with significantly decreased LAEF [(56.17±6.71)% vs (60.89±6.23)%], LAPEF [(0.25±0.09) vs (0.33±0.07)], and circumferential strain (LASr-c) [(31.70±7.62)% vs (37.91±11.42)%] (all P<0.05). With increasing severity of hypertension, LAVmax increased from (38.29±11.28) ml to (70.92±19.17) ml, LAVmin from (15.09±5.16) ml to (37.08±10.10) ml, and LAVMCI from (2.60±0.94) to (5.09±1.93) (all P<0.001); meanwhile, LASr decreased from (27.71±6.32)% to (16.67±4.81)%, and LAScd from (-15.23±4.81)% to (-6.33±3.17)% (all P<0.001). In EH patients with LVDD, LAVMCI was significantly higher than that in the normal group [(6.56±3.31) vs (2.59±0.88), t=8.949, P<0.001]. ROC curve analysis demonstrated that LAVMCI had the highest diagnostic efficacy for identifying LVDD in EH patients, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.951 (95% confidence interval: 0.92-0.98). At an optimal cutoff value of 2.75, the sensitivity and specificity were 100% and 69.15%, respectively, which was significantly superior to LASr (AUC=0.721).

Conclusion

4D Auto LAQ technology can sensitively detect impairment of LA reservoir, conduit, and contractile functions beginning at the prehypertension stage. Among the multiple parameters assessed in this study, LAVMCI demonstrated the optimal diagnostic performance for LVDD in EH patients, suggesting that it may serve as a potentially effective parameter for evaluating hypertension-related diastolic dysfunction.

表1 各组研究对象间一般临床资料比较(
±s
表2 各组研究对象常规超声心动图参数比较(
±s
表3 各组研究对象间四维自动左心房定量分析参数比较(
±s
组别 例数 LAVmax(ml) LAVmin(ml) LAVpreA(ml) LAVImax(ml/m2 LAEV(ml) LAEF(%)
对照组 50 38.29±11.28 15.09±5.16 26.00±8.61 24.02±7.28 23.2±6.91 60.89±6.23
Pre-HT组 30 43.26±11.56 18.57±4.76a 32.30±8.95a 25.71±7.23 24.57±7.98 56.17±6.71a
EH-1级组 53 60.36±23.65ab 30.68±16.77ab 46.55±20.00ab 35.07±14.18ab 29.62±9.89ab 50.94±9.75ab
EH-2级组 30 67.86±19.41ab 34.71±12.98ab 53.79±18.36ab 40.79±12.04abc 32.28±9.67ab 49.45±9.12ab
EH-3级组 20 70.92±19.17ab 37.08±10.10ab 58.83±14.45abc 41.44±11.99ab 33.83±11.47ab 47.42±8.41ab
F 16.44 17.46 20.04 14.74 7.65 11.84
P <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
组别 例数 LASr(%) LAScd(%) LASct(%) LASr-c(%) LAScd-c(%) LASct-c(%)
对照组 50 27.71±6.32 -15.23±4.81 -12.43±4.32 37.91±11.42 -15.63±7.41 -22.29±7.14
Pre-HT组 30 25.30±6.06 -13.35±5.73 -12.13±3.65 31.70±7.62a -10.30±5.56a -21.43±6.86
EH-1级组 53 20.00±7.72ab -10.04±6.03ab -10.02±5.51a 26.38±9.61ab -10.68±7.55a -15.77±7.59ab
EH-2级组 30 19.21±6.79ab -9.62±4.56ab -9.66±5.33a 26.55±11.05a -10.14±6.80a -16.38±8.12ab
EH-3级组 20 16.67±4.81ab -6.33±3.17abcd -10.50±4.08 25.17±8.67ab -7.67±4.05a -17.33±8.53
F 11.70 9.85 2.16 8.89 4.70 5.41
P <0.001 <0.001 0.077 <0.001 0.001 <0.001
组别 例数 LAEI LAPEF LAAEF LAVMCI LACI LASI
对照组 50 1.61±0.41 0.33±0.07 0.42±0.06 2.60±0.94 0.20±0.07 0.28±0.08
Pre-HT组 30 1.35±0.36a 0.25±0.09a 0.42±0.07 2.70±0.86 0.21±0.06 0.36±0.24
EH-1级组 53 1.12±0.39ab 0.23±0.11a 0.36±0.11ab 4.58±3.81ab 0.28±0.13ab 0.97±1.12ab
EH-2级组 30 1.04±0.37ab 0.22±0.10a 0.35±0.10ab 5.76±2.64ab 0.27±0.09ab 1.01±0.85ab
EH-3级组 20 0.94±0.28ab 0.17±0.07abc 0.37±0.10 5.09±1.93ab 0.32±0.14ab 0.98±0.61ab
F 13.93 9.33 3.88 8.09 5.24 6.66
P <0.001 <0.001 0.005 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
图1 四维自动左心房定量分析(4D Auto LAQ)技术分析不同高血压水平组左心房功能指标图像。图a为高血压前期组图示,图b为原发性高血压(EH)-1级组图示,图c为EH-2级组图示,图d为EH-3级组图示 注:LAVmax为左心房最大容积;LAVmin为左心房最小容积;LAVpreA为左心房收缩前容积;LAVImax为左心房最大容积指数;LAEV为左心房排空容积;LAEF为左心房射血分数;LASr为左心房储备期长轴应变;LASr-c为左心房储备期环向应变;LAScd为左心房管道期长轴应变;LAScd-c为左心房管道期环向应变;LASct为左心房收缩期长轴应变;LASct-c为左心房收缩期环向应变
表4 LVDD组与正常组四维自动左心房定量分析参数的比较(
±s
表5 LAVMCI、LACI、LASI、LAEI、左心房应变参数对LVDD的诊断效能分析
图2 具有较好诊断价值(曲线下面积>0.7)的左心房相关指标评估左心室舒张功能不良的受试者操作特征曲线 注:LAVMCI为左心房容积/机械耦合指数;LACI为左心房室耦联指数;LASI为左心房僵硬指数;LAEI为左心房膨胀指数;LASct为左心房收缩期长轴应变;LAScd为左心房管道期长轴应变;LASr为左心房储备期长轴应变
表6 四维自动左心房定量分析参数观察组内和观察者间重复性检验结果
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