Abstract:
Objective
To establish the reference ranges for normal values of diaphragmatic ultrasound indices in healthy adult populations and analyze the related influencing factors.
Methods
This is a prospective, observational study in which 1035 healthy subjects, staff and family members of Hebei General Hospital from December 2023 to September 2024 were enrolled. Ultrasound was used to obtain diaphragm displacement (DD), deep inspiratory DD (DD-di), peak systolic velocity of the diaphragm (DPSV), peak diastolic velocity of the diaphragm (DPDV), end expiratory diaphragm thickness (DT-ee), end inspiratory DT (DT-ei), end deep inspiratory DT (DT-edi), diaphragm thickening fraction (DTF), deep inspiratory DTF(DTF-di), and pleural sliding displacement (PSD). The DD reserve value and DT reserve value were also calculated. Subjects were stratified by age into groups of 18-39 years, 40-59 years, 60-79 years, and 80-99 years. The ultrasound indices were compared among the groups and between genders within each group.The 5th and 95th percentiles of each index in the quantitative data were used as the lower and upper limits of the reference ranges. Pearson’s or Spearman’s method was used to analyze the correlation between age, sex,body mass index(BMI), respiratory frequency and the above phrenic ultrasound parameters, and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to assess the intra- and inter-observer reproducibility.
Results
Among the different age groups, the group of 80-99 years had lower DD, DD-di, DD reserve value, DT-ei, DT-edi,DT reserve value, DTF, DTF-di, and DTF reserve value compared to the 18-39 years, 40-59 years, and 60-79 years groups, and lower PSD compared to the 18-39 years and 40-59 years groups. The 60-79 years group had lower DD-di and PSD compared to the 18-39 years and 40-59 years groups, and the 60-79 years group had lower DD reserve value, DT-edi, DT reserve value, DTF-di, and DTF reserve value compared to the 18-39 years group, and higher DPDV compared to the 40-59 years group. The 40-59 years group had lower DD-di, DD reserve value, DTF-di, and DTF reserve value compared to the 18-39 years group (P<0.05 for all). Between genders within each age group, males had higher DD-di, DD reserve value, DT-ee, DT-ei, DTedi, and DT reserve value than females in the overall cohort. Within the 18-39 years group, males had higher DD-di, DD reserve value, DT-ee, DT-ei, and DT-edi, but lower DTF and DTF-di compared to females. Within the 40-59 years group, males had higher DD-di, DD reserve value, DT-ee, DT-ei, DT-edi, and DT reserve value than females. Within the 80-99 years group, males had higher DD-di, DT-ee, DT-ei, DT-edi, and DT reserve value than females (P<0.05 for all). Gender showed a moderate negative correlation with DT-ee(r =-0.407) and a weak negative correlation with DD reserve value, DT-ei, and DT-edi (r =-0.208, -0.378,and -0.283, respectively, P<0.05 for all). BMI showed a weak positive correlation with DT-ee and DT-ei(r =0.337 and 0.287, respectively, P<0.001 for both). Respiratory rate showed a weak negative correlation with DD, DT-edi, DT reserve value, and DTF-di (r =-0.384, -0.266, -0.272, and -0.205, respectively,P<0.05 for all). PSD showed a moderate positive correlation with DD-di in the overall cohort (r =0.425)and in the age groups of 18-39 years (r =0.447), 40-59 years (r =0.415), 60-79 years (r =0.379), and 80-99 years (r =0.530).
Conclusion
The establishment of reference ranges for diaphragmatic ultrasound indices is of great significance and helps to provide a reference basis for the assessment of diaphragmatic structure and function.
Key words:
Diaphragmatic muscle,
Ultrasonography,
Normal value,
Healthy adults,
Influencing factor
Haotian Zhao, Xiaona Wang, Yi Liu, Li Li, Kai Liu, Guangyao Yao, Hongyuan Xue, Heling Zhao. Reference ranges for normal values of diaphragmatic ultrasound indices and influencing factors in healthy adults[J]. Chinese Journal of Medical Ultrasound (Electronic Edition), 2024, 21(11): 1057-1067.