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中华医学超声杂志(电子版) ›› 2024, Vol. 21 ›› Issue (11) : 1057 -1067. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1672-6448.2024.11.008

肌肉骨骼超声影像学

成年健康人群膈肌超声正常值参考范围及影响因素
赵浩天1, 王晓娜1, 刘奕1, 李丽1,(), 刘凯2, 姚光耀3, 薛红元1, 赵鹤龄4   
  1. 1.050051 石家庄,河北省人民医院超声科
    2.200032 上海,复旦大学附属中山医院重症医学科
    3.050051 石家庄,河北省人民医院呼吸与危重症医学科
    4.050051 石家庄,河北省人民医院重症医学科
  • 收稿日期:2024-09-19 出版日期:2024-11-01
  • 通信作者: 李丽
  • 基金资助:
    河北省医学科学研究计划项目(20230347,20211264)

Reference ranges for normal values of diaphragmatic ultrasound indices and influencing factors in healthy adults

Haotian Zhao1, Xiaona Wang1, Yi Liu1, Li Li1,(), Kai Liu2, Guangyao Yao3, Hongyuan Xue1, Heling Zhao4   

  1. 1.Department of Ultrasound, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
    2.Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
    3.Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
    4.Department of Intensive Care Unit, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
  • Received:2024-09-19 Published:2024-11-01
  • Corresponding author: Li Li
引用本文:

赵浩天, 王晓娜, 刘奕, 李丽, 刘凯, 姚光耀, 薛红元, 赵鹤龄. 成年健康人群膈肌超声正常值参考范围及影响因素[J/OL]. 中华医学超声杂志(电子版), 2024, 21(11): 1057-1067.

Haotian Zhao, Xiaona Wang, Yi Liu, Li Li, Kai Liu, Guangyao Yao, Hongyuan Xue, Heling Zhao. Reference ranges for normal values of diaphragmatic ultrasound indices and influencing factors in healthy adults[J/OL]. Chinese Journal of Medical Ultrasound (Electronic Edition), 2024, 21(11): 1057-1067.

目的

构建成年健康人群膈肌超声指标正常值参考范围并分析相关影响因素。

方法

本研究为前瞻性、观察性研究,选择2023年12月至2024年9月河北省人民医院门诊或体检的健康受试者、本院职工及家属共1035人,使用超声获取膈肌移动度(DD)、深吸气膈肌移动度(DDdi)、膈肌收缩期峰值速度(DPSV)、膈肌舒张期峰值速度(DPDV)、呼气末膈肌厚度(DD-ee)、吸气末膈肌厚度(DD-ei)、深吸气末膈肌厚度(DD-edi)、膈肌增厚率(DTF)、深吸气膈肌增厚率(DTF-di)、胸膜滑动位移(PSD),并计算DD储备值、DT储备值和DTF储备值。根据年龄分层分为18~39岁组、40~59岁组、60~79岁组、80~99岁组,计算各组间整体及不同性别各超声指标,以计量资料各指标区间的第5%、第95%位数值作为正常值参考范围的下限和上限。采用Pearson法或Spearman法进行年龄、性别、体质量指数(BMI)、呼吸频率与上述膈肌超声参数的相关性分析,采用组内相关系数(ICC)评价观察者内及观察者间重复性。

结果

(1)不同年龄段之间,80~99岁组(21人)DD、DD-di、DD储备值、DT-ei、DT-edi、DT储备值、DTF、DTF-di、DTF储备值均低于18~39岁组(344人)、40~59岁组(403人)及60~79岁组(267人),PSD低于18~39岁组及40~59岁组。60~79岁组DD-di、PSD低于18~39岁组及40~59岁组,DD储备值、DTedi、DT储备值、DTF-di、DTF储备值均低于18~39岁组,DPDV高于40~59岁组。40~59岁组DD-di、DD储备值、DTF-di、DTF储备值均低于18~39岁组(P均<0.05)。(2)各年龄段不同性别之间,总例数组内,男性DD-di、DD储备值、DT-ee、DT-ei、DT-edi、DT储备值均高于女性。18~39岁组内,男性DD-di、DD储备值、DT-ee、DT-ei、DT-edi均高于女性,DTF、DTF-di均低于女性。40~59岁组内,男性DD-di、DD储备值、DT-ee、DT-ei、DT-edi、DT储备值均高于女性。80~99岁组内,男性DD-di、DT-ee、DT-ei、DT-edi、DT储备值均高于女性(P均<0.05)。(3)性别与DT-ee呈中度负相关性(r =-0.407),与DD储备值、DT-ei、DT-edi呈弱负相关性(r =-0.208、-0.378、-0.283,P均<0.05)。BMI与DT-ee、DT-ei呈弱正相关性(r =0.337、0.287,P均<0.001)。呼吸频率与DD、DT-edi、DT储备值、DTF-di呈弱负相关性(r =-0.384、-0.266、-0.272、-0.205,P均<0.05)。(3)PSD与DD-di在总例数组(r =0.425)、18~39岁组(r =0.447)、40~59岁组(r =0.415)、60~79岁组(r =0.379)、80~99岁组(r =0.530)内均为中度正相关性。

结论

膈肌超声指标正常值参考范围的建立具有重要意义,有助于为膈肌结构和功能评估提供参考依据。

Objective

To establish the reference ranges for normal values of diaphragmatic ultrasound indices in healthy adult populations and analyze the related influencing factors.

Methods

This is a prospective, observational study in which 1035 healthy subjects, staff and family members of Hebei General Hospital from December 2023 to September 2024 were enrolled. Ultrasound was used to obtain diaphragm displacement (DD), deep inspiratory DD (DD-di), peak systolic velocity of the diaphragm (DPSV), peak diastolic velocity of the diaphragm (DPDV), end expiratory diaphragm thickness (DT-ee), end inspiratory DT (DT-ei), end deep inspiratory DT (DT-edi), diaphragm thickening fraction (DTF), deep inspiratory DTF(DTF-di), and pleural sliding displacement (PSD). The DD reserve value and DT reserve value were also calculated. Subjects were stratified by age into groups of 18-39 years, 40-59 years, 60-79 years, and 80-99 years. The ultrasound indices were compared among the groups and between genders within each group.The 5th and 95th percentiles of each index in the quantitative data were used as the lower and upper limits of the reference ranges. Pearson’s or Spearman’s method was used to analyze the correlation between age, sex,body mass index(BMI), respiratory frequency and the above phrenic ultrasound parameters, and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to assess the intra- and inter-observer reproducibility.

Results

Among the different age groups, the group of 80-99 years had lower DD, DD-di, DD reserve value, DT-ei, DT-edi,DT reserve value, DTF, DTF-di, and DTF reserve value compared to the 18-39 years, 40-59 years, and 60-79 years groups, and lower PSD compared to the 18-39 years and 40-59 years groups. The 60-79 years group had lower DD-di and PSD compared to the 18-39 years and 40-59 years groups, and the 60-79 years group had lower DD reserve value, DT-edi, DT reserve value, DTF-di, and DTF reserve value compared to the 18-39 years group, and higher DPDV compared to the 40-59 years group. The 40-59 years group had lower DD-di, DD reserve value, DTF-di, and DTF reserve value compared to the 18-39 years group (P<0.05 for all). Between genders within each age group, males had higher DD-di, DD reserve value, DT-ee, DT-ei, DTedi, and DT reserve value than females in the overall cohort. Within the 18-39 years group, males had higher DD-di, DD reserve value, DT-ee, DT-ei, and DT-edi, but lower DTF and DTF-di compared to females. Within the 40-59 years group, males had higher DD-di, DD reserve value, DT-ee, DT-ei, DT-edi, and DT reserve value than females. Within the 80-99 years group, males had higher DD-di, DT-ee, DT-ei, DT-edi, and DT reserve value than females (P<0.05 for all). Gender showed a moderate negative correlation with DT-ee(r =-0.407) and a weak negative correlation with DD reserve value, DT-ei, and DT-edi (r =-0.208, -0.378,and -0.283, respectively, P<0.05 for all). BMI showed a weak positive correlation with DT-ee and DT-ei(r =0.337 and 0.287, respectively, P<0.001 for both). Respiratory rate showed a weak negative correlation with DD, DT-edi, DT reserve value, and DTF-di (r =-0.384, -0.266, -0.272, and -0.205, respectively,P<0.05 for all). PSD showed a moderate positive correlation with DD-di in the overall cohort (r =0.425)and in the age groups of 18-39 years (r =0.447), 40-59 years (r =0.415), 60-79 years (r =0.379), and 80-99 years (r =0.530).

Conclusion

The establishment of reference ranges for diaphragmatic ultrasound indices is of great significance and helps to provide a reference basis for the assessment of diaphragmatic structure and function.

图1 膈肌移动度及速度测量方法。图a示膈肌超声测量平静呼吸时膈肌移动度(DD)为16.1 mm,图b示作最大深吸气时深吸气膈肌移动度(DD-qi)为51.3 mm,计算DD储备值为51.3 mm-16.1 mm=35.2 mm;图c示组织多普勒成像测得膈肌收缩期峰值速度(DPSV)为2.55 cm/s,膈肌舒张期峰值速度(DPDV)为2.00 cm/s
图2 膈肌厚度超声测量方法。图a示呼气末期膈肌厚度(DT-ee)为2.17 mm,深吸气末期膈肌厚度(DT-edi)为4.25 mm,计算深吸气时膈肌增厚率(DTF-di)为(4.25 mm-2.17 mm)/2.17 mm=95.85%
图3 胸膜滑动位移(PSD)超声测量方法。图a、b示肺肝交界点于呼气末期、吸气末期距声窗左缘的距离分别为12.3 mm、26.4 mm,计算PSD为26.4 mm-12.3 mm=14.1 mm
表1 所有受试者整体及年龄分层膈肌运动相关超声参数正常值
组别 人数 膈肌移动度指标 膈肌峰速度指标 胸膜滑动指标
DD(mm,x¯±s DD-di(mm,x¯±s DD储备值(mm,x¯±s DPSV(cm/s,x¯±s DPDV(cm/s,x¯±s PSD[mm,MQR)]
所有受试者 1035 18.00±5.05 56.23±12.07 38.23±10.78 2.41±0.45 2.17±0.43 17.30(12.70,22.80)
男性 454 18.14±5.17 59.00±11.51 40.86±10.37 2.42±0.43 2.18±0.42 17.85(12.50,24.20)
女性 581 17.90±4.94 54.07±12.07* 36.17±10.66* 2.39±0.46 2.17±0.44 17.10(12.90,21.65)
18~39岁组 344 18.08±4.97 58.29±11.67 40.20±10.63 2.43±0.43 2.18±0.43 17.85(14.10,23.58)
男性 178 17.97±4.88 60.49±11.38 42.52±10.21 2.43±0.41 2.16±0.39 18.35(14.05,24.33)
女性 166 18.20±5.07 55.92±11.55* 37.72±10.54* 2.43±0.46 2.21±0.47 17.55(14.08,22.98)
40~59岁组 403 18.39±5.29 56.31±12.51a 37.92±11.01a 2.39±0.47 2.13±0.42 17.50(13.30,23.00)
男性 153 18.78±5.78 59.19±11.76 40.41±10.44 2.40±0.49 2.16±0.45 17.10(12.90,25.70)
女性 250 18.15±5.00 54.55±12.65* 36.39±11.10* 2.37±0.45 2.11±0.40 17.55(13.58,21.85)
60~79岁组 267 17.69±4.72 54.46±11.17ab 36.77±10.25a 2.42±0.43 2.23±0.44b 16.60(11.40,21.40)ab
男性 116 17.77±4.78 57.01±10.99 39.24±10.26 2.45±0.39 2.27±0.43 17.50(10.70,23.18)
女性 151 17.62±4.69 52.50±10.94* 34.87±9.87* 2.39±0.46 2.21±0.45 16.10(12.00,20.30)
80~99岁组 21 13.34±2.74abc 43.60±10.49abc 30.26±8.55abc 2.23±0.43 2.12±0.47 12.10(9.35,20.25)ab
男性 7 14.90±2.54 49.99±11.28 35.09±9.70 2.28±0.42 2.08±0.48 12.10(9.80,26.00)
女性 14 12.56±2.56 40.40±8.81* 27.84±7.09 2.21±0.44 2.15±0.48 12.00(8.60,17.65)
统计值 F=7.273 F=13.377 F=9.644 F=1.853 F=3.272 H=20.981
P <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.136 0.021 <0.001
表2 所有受试者整体及年龄分层膈肌厚度相关超声参数正常值
组别 人数 膈肌厚度指标 膈肌厚度变化指标
DT-ee(mm,x¯±s DT-ei(mm,x¯±s DT-edi(mm,x¯±s DT储备值[mm,MQR)] DTF(%,x¯±s DTF-di[%,MQR)] DTF储备值[%,MQR)]
所有受试者 1035 1.74±0.37 2.24±0.49 3.88±0.98 1.45(1.05,2.02) 29.32±11.53 114.29(89.71,152.38) 84.21(61.90,124.68)
男性 454 1.91±0.39 2.45±0.50 4.17±0.97 1.56(1.11,2.12) 28.59±10.60 111.59(88.27,150.00) 83.62(61.38,122.74)
女性 581 1.61±0.30* 2.08±0.43* 3.64±0.93* 1.38(1.00,1.99)* 29.89±12.18 116.67(90.62,154.73) 85.37(62.05,126.43)
18~39岁组 344 1.71±0.38 2.22±0.50 3.99±0.99 1.58(1.11,2.20) 29.92±12.08 122.19(95.02,167.35) 95.09(67.27,137.50)
男性 178 1.89±0.38 2.42±0.48 4.24±0.94 1.70(1.22,2.22) 28.68±10.82 118.58(91.91,155.25) 89.47(65.52,131.25)
女性 166 1.53±0.29* 2.00±0.42* 3.71±0.97* 1.44(1.03,2.14) 31.25±13.20* 125.00(99.84,178.43)* 100.77(69.23,141.35)
40~59岁组 403 1.76±0.38 2.27±0.51 3.88±1.00 1.43(1.07,1.99) 29.13±11.85 112.23(88.24,147.37)a 81.25(61.90,119.28)a
男性 153 1.97±0.39 2.51±0.52 4.24±1.01 1.57(1.11,2.15) 27.67±10.52 109.64(87.13,141.92) 78.95(60.24,114.38)
女性 250 1.63±0.31* 2.12±0.45* 3.66±0.93* 1.39(1.00,1.90)* 30.02±12.52 116.24(89.98,149.27) 82.31(62.47,122.57)
60~79岁组 267 1.75±0.35 2.26±0.46 3.81±0.92a 1.40(1.00,1.89)a 29.40±10.44 108.22(87.59,147.62)a 78.57(57.76,115.87)a
男性 116 1.86±0.39 2.41±0.52 4.01±0.95 1.42(1.04,1.96) 29.98±10.51 108.03(88.25,147.09) 77.40(57.49,107.20)
女性 151 1.66±0.28* 2.14±0.37* 3.65±0.86* 1.38(0.99,1.80) 28.95±10.39 108.70(86.67,149.43) 78.82(57.76,116.67)
80~99岁组 21 1.60±0.36 1.96±0.44abc 2.83±0.76abc 0.77(0.54,1.08)abc 22.01±5.80abc 68.42(58.68,88.38)abc 44.27(37.36,67.42)abc
男性 7 1.94±0.35 2.39±0.42 3.57±0.55 1.16(0.78,1.60) 23.10±2.63 67.42(64.09,105.00) 44.27(43.09,80.00)
女性 14 1.44±0.22* 1.74±0.27* 2.46±0.55* 0.68(0.47,0.80)* 21.47±6.90 70.38(52.11,80.17) 45.68(31.04,59.89)
统计值 F=1.861 F=3.004 F=10.044 H=37.300 F=3.187 H=42.561 H=38.707
P 0.134 0.030 <0.001 <0.001 0.023 <0.001 <0.001
表3 不同年龄段及性别分层的膈肌运动超声正常值参考范围(第5%~第95%位数值)
组别 人数 膈肌移动度指标 膈肌峰速度指标 胸膜滑动指标
DD(mm) DD-di(mm) DD储备值(mm) DPSV(cm/s) DPDV(cm/s) PSD(mm)
所有受试者 1035 10.98~27.64 37.38~77.52 21.58~57.68 1.80~3.19 1.55~3.00 8.20~31.12
男性 454 10.48~28.20 40.48~78.35 24.98~59.78 1.80~3.19 1.55~3.00 8.08~32.38
女性 581 11.20~27.50 34.43~75.37 19.40~56.10 1.75~3.19 1.55~3.00 8.30~30.08
18~39岁组 344 11.63~27.73 39.40~78.20 24.20~60.25 1.85~3.19 1.55~3.00 9.23~32.45
男性 178 11.52~26.67 41.07~80.83 27.08~61.80 1.85~3.15 1.55~2.95 9.20~33.70
女性 166 11.70~27.87 37.71~76.03 21.41~56.53 1.85~3.20 1.55~3.00 9.44~31.23
40~59岁组 403 11.12~29.30 36.54~77.88 20.02~57.38 1.75~3.20 1.51~3.00 8.02~30.56
男性 153 9.67~30.21 40.00~79.08 23.54~58.79 1.76~3.41 1.58~3.00 7.39~32.16
女性 250 11.80~27.55 34.58~77.80 18.40~57.35 1.75~3.15 1.50~2.91 8.41~29.61
60~79岁组 267 10.78~26.96 36.64~73.76 21.94~55.72 1.79~3.17 1.58~3.00 7.34~29.82
男性 116 10.70~26.92 40.49~77.19 24.80~58.86 1.91~3.12 1.59~3.02 6.69~31.49
女性 151 10.82~27.70 35.12~70.18 19.90~51.68 1.75~3.21 1.57~3.00 7.76~29.04
80~99岁组 21 8.87~19.74 30.71~64.08 18.21~48.59 1.66~3.26 1.51~2.99 6.94~29.51
男性 7 12.50~19.92 37.60~64.09 24.60~48.90 1.90~3.00 1.50~2.84 7.60~29.74
女性 14 8.80~16.46 30.60~56.76 17.90~41.08 1.65~3.27 1.58~2.99 6.90~25.13
表4 不同年龄段及性别分层的膈肌厚度超声正常值参考范围(第5%~第95%位数值)
组别 人数 膈肌厚度指标 膈肌厚度变化指标
DT-ee(mm) DT-ei(mm) DT-edi(mm) DT储备值(mm) DTF(%) DTF-di(%) DTF储备值(%)
所有受试者 1035 1.20~2.43 1.51~3.17 2.50~5.80 0.60~3.37 14.39~52.94 59.05~236.79 32.62~204.42
男性 454 1.39~2.60 1.71~3.39 2.86~6.19 0.60~3.52 14.27~50.00 53.91~222.53 27.62~193.81
女性 581 1.14~2.10 1.46~2.80 2.30~5.47 0.60~3.23 14.96~53.80 64.33~241.69 37.50~214.17
18~39岁组 344 1.12~2.48 1.49~3.18 2.56~5.90 0.68~3.45 14.40~53.72 66.19~257.00 37.68~218.29
男性 178 1.39~2.60 1.74~3.27 2.91~6.19 0.69~3.44 14.36~50.13 60.24~222.29 31.73~185.45
女性 166 1.10~2.00 1.40~2.70 2.43~5.68 0.67~3.62 14.50~54.73 74.08~277.85 42.91~253.65
40~59岁组 403 1.20~2.45 1.51~3.22 2.47~5.90 0.60~3.37 14.09~53.25 55.57~232.60 33.40~202.63
男性 153 1.40~2.59 1.78~3.47 2.80~6.26 0.56~3.71 13.55~48.69 51.15~220.27 24.71~194.20
女性 250 1.19~2.10 1.50~2.90 2.30~5.43 0.64~3.15 14.35~55.87 65.90~239.15 38.12~209.03
60~79岁组 267 1.25~2.37 1.60~3.06 2.59~5.54 0.56~3.23 15.03~48.29 58.20~227.13 28.55~200.97
男性 116 1.37~2.70 1.65~3.50 2.77~5.97 0.55~3.42 14.85~55.83 47.22~231.50 26.17~205.31
女性 151 1.21~2.20 1.53~2.80 2.42~5.43 0.55~3.15 15.05~46.67 61.38~224.50 36.18~200.64
80~99岁组 21 1.15~2.57 1.36~3.15 1.67~4.35 0.25~2.00 14.98~40.87 32.08~149.90 16.67~127.70
男性 7 1.54~2.60 1.87~3.19 2.97~4.37 0.77~1.91 19.81~27.33 58.45~144.46 38.65~122.89
女性 14 1.15~1.89 1.35~2.19 1.63~3.89 0.25~1.96 14.96~41.59 31.01~147.59 15.82~125.06
表5 膈肌超声参数与个体因素相关性分析
表6 膈肌超声参数观察者内及观察者间重复性检验的组内相关系数值
表7 膈肌超声测量方法及超声提示意义
膈肌超声指标 测量位点 测量方法 超声提示意义
低于阈值 高于阈值
DD 右侧锁骨中线和腋前线之间与肋弓下缘交界,探头倾斜指向头侧,获取膈肌顶部切面 M模式,观察平静呼吸时相膈肌移动距离 膈肌收缩功能减低 膈肌主动收缩增强(提示存在潜在吸气努力)
DD-di 同DD M模式,嘱受试者做最大深吸气,观察膈肌移动距离 膈肌最大收缩功能减低
DD储备值 同DD DD-di与DD差值 膈肌储备收缩功能减低
DPSV 同DD TDI模式,将取样框置于膈顶位置,获取膈肌运动速度频谱,测量收缩期峰值速度 膈肌存在潜在吸气努力
DPDV 同DD TDI模式,将取样框置于膈顶位置,获取膈肌运动速度频谱,测量舒张期峰值速度 膈肌存在潜在呼气努力
PSD 右侧腋中线肺与肝交界点 测量肺肝交界点于呼气末期和吸气末期移动距离,二者差值即PSD 提示肺下界移动度降低
DT-ee 右侧腋中线8~10肋间隙,经肝获取膈肌切面 测量呼气末期胸膜与腹膜之间肌肉厚度 膈肌变薄 膈肌增厚
DT-ei 同DT-ee 测量吸气末期胸膜与腹膜之间肌肉厚度 膈肌变薄 膈肌增厚
DT-edi 同DT-ee 嘱受试者做最大深吸气,测量胸膜与腹膜之间肌肉厚度 膈肌变薄 膈肌增厚
DT储备值 同DT-ee DT-edi与DT-ei差值 膈肌储备厚度减低
DTF 同DT-ee 计算公式(DT-ei-DT-ee)/DT-ee 膈肌收缩功能减低 膈肌主动收缩增强(提示存在潜在吸气努力)
DTF-di 同DT-ee 计算公式(DT-edi-DT-ee)/DT-ee 膈肌最大收缩功能减低
DTF储备值 同DT-ee DTF-di与DTF差值 膈肌储备收缩功能减低
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