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中华医学超声杂志(电子版) ›› 2025, Vol. 22 ›› Issue (11) : 1062 -1070. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1672-6448.2025.11.010

腹部超声影像学

基于超声的Bosniak分级对肾脏囊性病变的诊断价值及一致性分析
陈子为1,2, 邹南鑫1, 宋禄达1,2, 姜波2, 张奥1,2, 张夕2, 李秋洋2,()   
  1. 1 100853 北京,中国人民解放军医学院
    2 100853 北京,解放军总医院第一医学中心超声诊断科
  • 收稿日期:2025-06-11 出版日期:2025-11-01
  • 通信作者: 李秋洋

Diagnostic performance and interobserver agreement of Bosniak cyst categorization based on ultrasound for cystic renal masses

Ziwei Chen1,2, Nanxin Zou1,2, Luda Song1,2, Bo Jiang2, Ao Zhang1,2, Xi Zhang2, Qiuyang Li2,()   

  1. 1 Chinese PLA Medical College, Beijing 100853, China
    2 Department of Ultrasound, the First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
  • Received:2025-06-11 Published:2025-11-01
  • Corresponding author: Qiuyang Li
引用本文:

陈子为, 邹南鑫, 宋禄达, 姜波, 张奥, 张夕, 李秋洋. 基于超声的Bosniak分级对肾脏囊性病变的诊断价值及一致性分析[J/OL]. 中华医学超声杂志(电子版), 2025, 22(11): 1062-1070.

Ziwei Chen, Nanxin Zou, Luda Song, Bo Jiang, Ao Zhang, Xi Zhang, Qiuyang Li. Diagnostic performance and interobserver agreement of Bosniak cyst categorization based on ultrasound for cystic renal masses[J/OL]. Chinese Journal of Medical Ultrasound (Electronic Edition), 2025, 22(11): 1062-1070.

目的

评估基于超声的2020版Bosniak 分级对肾脏囊性病变(CRM)的诊断效能及观察者间一致性。

方法

回顾性收集2018年10月至2024年10月解放军总医院第一医学中心经手术切除并有准确术后病理结果的CRM患者,所有患者术前1个月内均行肾脏常规超声和超声造影(CEUS)检查。共纳入187例患者共188个病灶。4名超声科医师(2名高年资医师和2名低年资医师)使用2020版Bosniak 分级标准独立完成常规超声与CEUS分级,使用Fleiss's Kappa和加权 Cohen's Kappa分析评估观察者间的一致性,并在不同年资医师之间进行比较。以病理结果为金标准,绘制Bosniak分级诊断CRM的ROC曲线,评估并比较常规超声Bosniak分级与CEUS Bosniak分级的诊断效能。

结果

188个病灶中,良性病灶125个,恶性病灶63个。常规超声Bosniak分级与CEUS Bosniak分级评价良性与恶性CRM的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.872和0.928,CEUS分级的诊断特异度显著高于常规超声(90.40% vs 82.40%,P<0.05);去除88个囊肿病灶(Ⅰ、Ⅱ级肾囊肿)后,常规超声与CEUS的诊断特异度均明显降低,而CEUS分级的诊断特异度仍显著高于常规超声(67.57% vs 40.54%;P<0.05)。4名医师CEUS分级的观察者间一致性显著高于常规超声(Kappa值:0.790 vs 0.565,P<0.001)。对于常规超声分级,2名高年资医师的观察者间一致性高于2名低年资医师(加权Kappa值=0.865 vs 0.746,P<0.001);而对于CEUS分级,2名高年资与2名低年资医师的观察者间一致性差异无统计学意义(加权Kappa值=0.951 vs 0.921,P>0.05)。在仅包含Ⅱ、ⅡF、Ⅲ级的CRM 队列中,常规超声分级与CEUS分级的观察者间一致性Kappa值分别为0.188、0.600(P<0.001)。

结论

对于2020版基于超声的Bosniak分级,CEUS分级相较于常规超声分级提升了观察者间一致性,CEUS分级对良恶性CRM具有更高的诊断特异度,其诊断效能优于常规超声分级。

Objective

To evaluate the diagnostic value and inter-observer agreement of the 2020 adapted Bosniak cyst categorization proposed based on ultrasound for cystic renal masses (CRMs).

Methods

This retrospective study enrolled patients with surgically resected CRMs and postoperative pathology confirmation from the First Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital between October 2018 and October 2024. All patients underwent both conventional renal ultrasound and contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) within one month before surgery. A total of 187 patients with 188 lesions were included in the final analysis. Four sonographers—two senior and two junior—independently reviewed the conventional ultrasound and CEUS images and classified each lesion according to the 2020 Bosniak criteria. Interobserver agreement was evaluated using Fleiss' kappa (κ) and weighted Cohen's κ, with subgroup analyses performed based on observer experience. Using pathological findings as the reference standard, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was conducted to assess and compare the diagnostic performance of the Bosniak classification based on conventional ultrasound versus CEUS.

Results

Among the 188 lesions, 125 were benign and 63 were malignant. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) of conventional ultrasound and CEUS for differentiating benign and malignant CRMs was 0.872 and 0.928, respectively. The diagnostic specificity of CEUS was significantly higher than that of conventional ultrasound (90.40% vs 82.40%, P<0.05). After excluding 88 cystic lesions (Bosniak categories Ⅰ and Ⅱ renal cysts), the diagnostic specificity of both conventional ultrasound and CEUS decreased markedly; however, CEUS still demonstrated significantly higher specificity than conventional ultrasound (67.57% vs 40.54%, P<0.05). Interobserver agreement for CEUS classification among the four sonographers was significantly higher than that for conventional ultrasound (κ: 0.790 vs 0.565, P<0.001). For conventional ultrasound, interobserver agreement was higher between the two senior sonographers than between the two junior sonographers (weighted κ=0.865 vs 0.746, P<0.001). In contrast, for CEUS, there was no statistically significant difference in interobserver agreement between senior and junior sonographers (weighted κ=0.951 vs 0.921, P>0.05). In the subgroup of CRMs including only categories Ⅱ, ⅡF, and Ⅲ, the interobserver agreement for conventional ultrasound and CEUS was κ=0.188 and κ=0.600, respectively (P<0.001).

Conclusion

For the 2020 adapted Bosniak cyst categorization proposed based on ultrasound, the CEUS version demonstrates superior diagnostic performance compared to the conventional ultrasound approach, evidenced by higher interobserver agreement and improved specificity in differentiating benign from malignant CRMs.

表1 187例肾脏囊性病变(188个病灶)的临床特征
表2 良性与恶性肾脏囊性病变超声造影表现比较[例(%)]
图1 基于常规超声及超声造影的Bosniak分级诊断良恶性肾脏囊性病变(188个病灶)的ROC曲线
图2 基于常规超声及超声造影的Bosniak分级诊断良恶性肾脏囊性病变(100个病灶)的ROC曲线(去除88个Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级肾脏囊肿病灶)
表3 基于常规超声及超声造影的Bosniak分级对良恶性肾脏囊性病变的诊断效能
表4 与常规超声Bosniak分级相比CEUS分级变化情况及两种方法分级的恶性率
图3 与常规超声Bosniak分级相比超声造影分级降级的肾脏囊性病变声像图表现。图a~d示右肾上极囊性病灶,常规超声(图a、c)可见囊内有5条分隔(>4条),且最厚的分隔厚度>3 mm,根据常规超声Bosniak分级应分为Ⅲ级;而超声造影(图b、d)可见囊内有1条纤细(厚度<2 mm)分隔,根据超声造影Bosniak分级应将其降至Ⅱ级,术后病理结果提示为良性囊肿。图e~h示右肾上极囊性病灶,常规超声(图e、g)显示病灶囊壁上可见壁结节(箭头所示),根据常规超声Bosniak分级应分为Ⅳ级;而超声造影显示病灶囊壁稍增厚(厚度<2 mm),且囊内未见壁结节,根据超声造影Bosniak分级应将其降至Ⅱ级,术后病理结果提示为单纯性肾囊肿
图4 与常规超声Bosniak分级相比超声造影分级升级的肾脏囊性病变声像图表现。图a~d示左肾下极囊性病灶,常规超声(图a、c)示囊内可见3条分隔,较厚分隔厚度为2~3 mm,根据常规超声Bosniak分级应分为ⅡF级;而超声造影(图b、d)示囊内可见多条(>4条)不规则分隔(较厚处>4 mm,图b箭头所示),根据超声造影Bosniak 分级应将其升至Ⅲ级,术后病理结果提示为肾透明细胞癌伴囊性变。图e~h示左肾中上部囊性病变,常规超声(图e、g)示囊内可见2条纤细(<2 mm)分隔,根据常规超声Bosniak分级应分为Ⅱ级;超声造影(图f、h)可见病灶囊内分隔不规则增厚(较厚处>4 mm,图f箭头所示),且囊内可见壁结节(图h箭头所示),根据超声造影Bosniak分级应将其升至Ⅳ级,术后病理结果提示为肾透明细胞癌伴囊性变
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